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Links between Immune Cells from the Periphery and the Brain in the Pathogenesis of Epilepsy: A Narrative Review
Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the pathogenesis of epilepsy is linked to neuroinflammation and cerebrovascular dysfunction. Peripheral immune cell invasion into the brain, along with these responses, is implicitly involved in epilepsy. This review explored the current literature on the...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8122797/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33922369 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094395 |
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author | Yamanaka, Gaku Morichi, Shinichiro Takamatsu, Tomoko Watanabe, Yusuke Suzuki, Shinji Ishida, Yu Oana, Shingo Yamazaki, Takashi Takata, Fuyuko Kawashima, Hisashi |
author_facet | Yamanaka, Gaku Morichi, Shinichiro Takamatsu, Tomoko Watanabe, Yusuke Suzuki, Shinji Ishida, Yu Oana, Shingo Yamazaki, Takashi Takata, Fuyuko Kawashima, Hisashi |
author_sort | Yamanaka, Gaku |
collection | PubMed |
description | Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the pathogenesis of epilepsy is linked to neuroinflammation and cerebrovascular dysfunction. Peripheral immune cell invasion into the brain, along with these responses, is implicitly involved in epilepsy. This review explored the current literature on the association between the peripheral and central nervous systems in the pathogenesis of epilepsy, and highlights novel research directions for therapeutic interventions targeting these reactions. Previous experimental and human studies have demonstrated the activation of the innate and adaptive immune responses in the brain. The time required for monocytes (responsible for innate immunity) and T cells (involved in acquired immunity) to invade the central nervous system after a seizure varies. Moreover, the time between the leakage associated with blood–brain barrier (BBB) failure and the infiltration of these cells varies. This suggests that cell infiltration is not merely a secondary disruptive event associated with BBB failure, but also a non-disruptive event facilitated by various mediators produced by the neurovascular unit consisting of neurons, perivascular astrocytes, microglia, pericytes, and endothelial cells. Moreover, genetic manipulation has enabled the differentiation between peripheral monocytes and resident microglia, which was previously considered difficult. Thus, the evidence suggests that peripheral monocytes may contribute to the pathogenesis of seizures. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8122797 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-81227972021-05-16 Links between Immune Cells from the Periphery and the Brain in the Pathogenesis of Epilepsy: A Narrative Review Yamanaka, Gaku Morichi, Shinichiro Takamatsu, Tomoko Watanabe, Yusuke Suzuki, Shinji Ishida, Yu Oana, Shingo Yamazaki, Takashi Takata, Fuyuko Kawashima, Hisashi Int J Mol Sci Review Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the pathogenesis of epilepsy is linked to neuroinflammation and cerebrovascular dysfunction. Peripheral immune cell invasion into the brain, along with these responses, is implicitly involved in epilepsy. This review explored the current literature on the association between the peripheral and central nervous systems in the pathogenesis of epilepsy, and highlights novel research directions for therapeutic interventions targeting these reactions. Previous experimental and human studies have demonstrated the activation of the innate and adaptive immune responses in the brain. The time required for monocytes (responsible for innate immunity) and T cells (involved in acquired immunity) to invade the central nervous system after a seizure varies. Moreover, the time between the leakage associated with blood–brain barrier (BBB) failure and the infiltration of these cells varies. This suggests that cell infiltration is not merely a secondary disruptive event associated with BBB failure, but also a non-disruptive event facilitated by various mediators produced by the neurovascular unit consisting of neurons, perivascular astrocytes, microglia, pericytes, and endothelial cells. Moreover, genetic manipulation has enabled the differentiation between peripheral monocytes and resident microglia, which was previously considered difficult. Thus, the evidence suggests that peripheral monocytes may contribute to the pathogenesis of seizures. MDPI 2021-04-22 /pmc/articles/PMC8122797/ /pubmed/33922369 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094395 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Yamanaka, Gaku Morichi, Shinichiro Takamatsu, Tomoko Watanabe, Yusuke Suzuki, Shinji Ishida, Yu Oana, Shingo Yamazaki, Takashi Takata, Fuyuko Kawashima, Hisashi Links between Immune Cells from the Periphery and the Brain in the Pathogenesis of Epilepsy: A Narrative Review |
title | Links between Immune Cells from the Periphery and the Brain in the Pathogenesis of Epilepsy: A Narrative Review |
title_full | Links between Immune Cells from the Periphery and the Brain in the Pathogenesis of Epilepsy: A Narrative Review |
title_fullStr | Links between Immune Cells from the Periphery and the Brain in the Pathogenesis of Epilepsy: A Narrative Review |
title_full_unstemmed | Links between Immune Cells from the Periphery and the Brain in the Pathogenesis of Epilepsy: A Narrative Review |
title_short | Links between Immune Cells from the Periphery and the Brain in the Pathogenesis of Epilepsy: A Narrative Review |
title_sort | links between immune cells from the periphery and the brain in the pathogenesis of epilepsy: a narrative review |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8122797/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33922369 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094395 |
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