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Links between Immune Cells from the Periphery and the Brain in the Pathogenesis of Epilepsy: A Narrative Review

Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the pathogenesis of epilepsy is linked to neuroinflammation and cerebrovascular dysfunction. Peripheral immune cell invasion into the brain, along with these responses, is implicitly involved in epilepsy. This review explored the current literature on the...

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Autores principales: Yamanaka, Gaku, Morichi, Shinichiro, Takamatsu, Tomoko, Watanabe, Yusuke, Suzuki, Shinji, Ishida, Yu, Oana, Shingo, Yamazaki, Takashi, Takata, Fuyuko, Kawashima, Hisashi
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8122797/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33922369
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094395
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author Yamanaka, Gaku
Morichi, Shinichiro
Takamatsu, Tomoko
Watanabe, Yusuke
Suzuki, Shinji
Ishida, Yu
Oana, Shingo
Yamazaki, Takashi
Takata, Fuyuko
Kawashima, Hisashi
author_facet Yamanaka, Gaku
Morichi, Shinichiro
Takamatsu, Tomoko
Watanabe, Yusuke
Suzuki, Shinji
Ishida, Yu
Oana, Shingo
Yamazaki, Takashi
Takata, Fuyuko
Kawashima, Hisashi
author_sort Yamanaka, Gaku
collection PubMed
description Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the pathogenesis of epilepsy is linked to neuroinflammation and cerebrovascular dysfunction. Peripheral immune cell invasion into the brain, along with these responses, is implicitly involved in epilepsy. This review explored the current literature on the association between the peripheral and central nervous systems in the pathogenesis of epilepsy, and highlights novel research directions for therapeutic interventions targeting these reactions. Previous experimental and human studies have demonstrated the activation of the innate and adaptive immune responses in the brain. The time required for monocytes (responsible for innate immunity) and T cells (involved in acquired immunity) to invade the central nervous system after a seizure varies. Moreover, the time between the leakage associated with blood–brain barrier (BBB) failure and the infiltration of these cells varies. This suggests that cell infiltration is not merely a secondary disruptive event associated with BBB failure, but also a non-disruptive event facilitated by various mediators produced by the neurovascular unit consisting of neurons, perivascular astrocytes, microglia, pericytes, and endothelial cells. Moreover, genetic manipulation has enabled the differentiation between peripheral monocytes and resident microglia, which was previously considered difficult. Thus, the evidence suggests that peripheral monocytes may contribute to the pathogenesis of seizures.
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spelling pubmed-81227972021-05-16 Links between Immune Cells from the Periphery and the Brain in the Pathogenesis of Epilepsy: A Narrative Review Yamanaka, Gaku Morichi, Shinichiro Takamatsu, Tomoko Watanabe, Yusuke Suzuki, Shinji Ishida, Yu Oana, Shingo Yamazaki, Takashi Takata, Fuyuko Kawashima, Hisashi Int J Mol Sci Review Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the pathogenesis of epilepsy is linked to neuroinflammation and cerebrovascular dysfunction. Peripheral immune cell invasion into the brain, along with these responses, is implicitly involved in epilepsy. This review explored the current literature on the association between the peripheral and central nervous systems in the pathogenesis of epilepsy, and highlights novel research directions for therapeutic interventions targeting these reactions. Previous experimental and human studies have demonstrated the activation of the innate and adaptive immune responses in the brain. The time required for monocytes (responsible for innate immunity) and T cells (involved in acquired immunity) to invade the central nervous system after a seizure varies. Moreover, the time between the leakage associated with blood–brain barrier (BBB) failure and the infiltration of these cells varies. This suggests that cell infiltration is not merely a secondary disruptive event associated with BBB failure, but also a non-disruptive event facilitated by various mediators produced by the neurovascular unit consisting of neurons, perivascular astrocytes, microglia, pericytes, and endothelial cells. Moreover, genetic manipulation has enabled the differentiation between peripheral monocytes and resident microglia, which was previously considered difficult. Thus, the evidence suggests that peripheral monocytes may contribute to the pathogenesis of seizures. MDPI 2021-04-22 /pmc/articles/PMC8122797/ /pubmed/33922369 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094395 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Yamanaka, Gaku
Morichi, Shinichiro
Takamatsu, Tomoko
Watanabe, Yusuke
Suzuki, Shinji
Ishida, Yu
Oana, Shingo
Yamazaki, Takashi
Takata, Fuyuko
Kawashima, Hisashi
Links between Immune Cells from the Periphery and the Brain in the Pathogenesis of Epilepsy: A Narrative Review
title Links between Immune Cells from the Periphery and the Brain in the Pathogenesis of Epilepsy: A Narrative Review
title_full Links between Immune Cells from the Periphery and the Brain in the Pathogenesis of Epilepsy: A Narrative Review
title_fullStr Links between Immune Cells from the Periphery and the Brain in the Pathogenesis of Epilepsy: A Narrative Review
title_full_unstemmed Links between Immune Cells from the Periphery and the Brain in the Pathogenesis of Epilepsy: A Narrative Review
title_short Links between Immune Cells from the Periphery and the Brain in the Pathogenesis of Epilepsy: A Narrative Review
title_sort links between immune cells from the periphery and the brain in the pathogenesis of epilepsy: a narrative review
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8122797/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33922369
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094395
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