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Regulation of Energy Substrate Metabolism in Endurance Exercise

The human body requires energy to function. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the cellular currency for energy-requiring processes including mechanical work (i.e., exercise). ATP used by the cells is ultimately derived from the catabolism of energy substrate molecules—carbohydrates, fat, and protein....

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Autores principales: Alghannam, Abdullah F., Ghaith, Mazen M., Alhussain, Maha H.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8124511/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34066984
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094963
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author Alghannam, Abdullah F.
Ghaith, Mazen M.
Alhussain, Maha H.
author_facet Alghannam, Abdullah F.
Ghaith, Mazen M.
Alhussain, Maha H.
author_sort Alghannam, Abdullah F.
collection PubMed
description The human body requires energy to function. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the cellular currency for energy-requiring processes including mechanical work (i.e., exercise). ATP used by the cells is ultimately derived from the catabolism of energy substrate molecules—carbohydrates, fat, and protein. In prolonged moderate to high-intensity exercise, there is a delicate interplay between carbohydrate and fat metabolism, and this bioenergetic process is tightly regulated by numerous physiological, nutritional, and environmental factors such as exercise intensity and duration, body mass and feeding state. Carbohydrate metabolism is of critical importance during prolonged endurance-type exercise, reflecting the physiological need to regulate glucose homeostasis, assuring optimal glycogen storage, proper muscle fuelling, and delaying the onset of fatigue. Fat metabolism represents a sustainable source of energy to meet energy demands and preserve the ‘limited’ carbohydrate stores. Coordinated neural, hormonal and circulatory events occur during prolonged endurance-type exercise, facilitating the delivery of fatty acids from adipose tissue to the working muscle for oxidation. However, with increasing exercise intensity, fat oxidation declines and is unable to supply ATP at the rate of the exercise demand. Protein is considered a subsidiary source of energy supporting carbohydrates and fat metabolism, contributing to approximately 10% of total ATP turnover during prolonged endurance-type exercise. In this review we present an overview of substrate metabolism during prolonged endurance-type exercise and the regulatory mechanisms involved in ATP turnover to meet the energetic demands of exercise.
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spelling pubmed-81245112021-05-17 Regulation of Energy Substrate Metabolism in Endurance Exercise Alghannam, Abdullah F. Ghaith, Mazen M. Alhussain, Maha H. Int J Environ Res Public Health Review The human body requires energy to function. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the cellular currency for energy-requiring processes including mechanical work (i.e., exercise). ATP used by the cells is ultimately derived from the catabolism of energy substrate molecules—carbohydrates, fat, and protein. In prolonged moderate to high-intensity exercise, there is a delicate interplay between carbohydrate and fat metabolism, and this bioenergetic process is tightly regulated by numerous physiological, nutritional, and environmental factors such as exercise intensity and duration, body mass and feeding state. Carbohydrate metabolism is of critical importance during prolonged endurance-type exercise, reflecting the physiological need to regulate glucose homeostasis, assuring optimal glycogen storage, proper muscle fuelling, and delaying the onset of fatigue. Fat metabolism represents a sustainable source of energy to meet energy demands and preserve the ‘limited’ carbohydrate stores. Coordinated neural, hormonal and circulatory events occur during prolonged endurance-type exercise, facilitating the delivery of fatty acids from adipose tissue to the working muscle for oxidation. However, with increasing exercise intensity, fat oxidation declines and is unable to supply ATP at the rate of the exercise demand. Protein is considered a subsidiary source of energy supporting carbohydrates and fat metabolism, contributing to approximately 10% of total ATP turnover during prolonged endurance-type exercise. In this review we present an overview of substrate metabolism during prolonged endurance-type exercise and the regulatory mechanisms involved in ATP turnover to meet the energetic demands of exercise. MDPI 2021-05-07 /pmc/articles/PMC8124511/ /pubmed/34066984 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094963 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Alghannam, Abdullah F.
Ghaith, Mazen M.
Alhussain, Maha H.
Regulation of Energy Substrate Metabolism in Endurance Exercise
title Regulation of Energy Substrate Metabolism in Endurance Exercise
title_full Regulation of Energy Substrate Metabolism in Endurance Exercise
title_fullStr Regulation of Energy Substrate Metabolism in Endurance Exercise
title_full_unstemmed Regulation of Energy Substrate Metabolism in Endurance Exercise
title_short Regulation of Energy Substrate Metabolism in Endurance Exercise
title_sort regulation of energy substrate metabolism in endurance exercise
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8124511/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34066984
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094963
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