Protective Role of Vanillic Acid against Diethylnitrosamine- and 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine-Induced Hepatocarcinogenesis in Rats

This study aimed to evaluate the cancer chemopreventive activity of vanillic acid (VA) in diethylnitrosamine- and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced liver and colon carcinogenesis in rats. VA did not induce the formation of hepatic glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P) positive foci and colonic aberrant crypt foci, demonstrating no carcinogenic activity. VA (75 mg kg(−1) body weight) could significantly reduce the number and areas of hepatic GST-P positive foci when administered before carcinogen injections, but no such effect was seen when it was administered after carcinogen injection. No protection was seen in the colon when VA was treated before or after carcinogen injection. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated the decreased expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and the induction of apoptosis. Mechanistic studies showed that VA significantly induced the expression of GSTA-5 and Nrf-2 genes, which are associated with the detoxification system. Likewise, the antiproliferative effect was noticed by the reduction of Cyclin D1 expression. The apoptotic activity may be due to the upregulation of Caspase-3 and Bad levels and downregulation of the Bcl-2 level. These data suggest that VA exhibited significant protection against diethylnitrosamine- and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis, which might be related to the induction of the detoxifying enzyme, the reduction of proliferation and the induction of apoptosis.