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The Consumption of Energy Drinks Induces Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in Wild-Type Mice

Energy drinks containing significant quantities of caffeine and sugar are increasingly consumed, particularly by adolescents and young adults. Chronic ingestion of energy drinks may potentially regulate vascular risk factors. This study investigated the effects of chronic ingestion of energy drinks...

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Autores principales: Graneri, Liam, Lam, Virginie, D'Alonzo, Zachary, Nesbit, Michael, Mamo, John C. L., Takechi, Ryusuke
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8126614/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34012975
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.668514
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author Graneri, Liam
Lam, Virginie
D'Alonzo, Zachary
Nesbit, Michael
Mamo, John C. L.
Takechi, Ryusuke
author_facet Graneri, Liam
Lam, Virginie
D'Alonzo, Zachary
Nesbit, Michael
Mamo, John C. L.
Takechi, Ryusuke
author_sort Graneri, Liam
collection PubMed
description Energy drinks containing significant quantities of caffeine and sugar are increasingly consumed, particularly by adolescents and young adults. Chronic ingestion of energy drinks may potentially regulate vascular risk factors. This study investigated the effects of chronic ingestion of energy drinks on blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and neuroinflammation. Male C57BL/6J mice were maintained on water (control), Mother(TM) (ED), sugar-free Mother(TM) (sfED), or Coca Cola(TM) soft drink (SD) for 13 weeks. The BBB integrity and neuroinflammation were analyzed with semi-quantitative immunofluorescent microscopy. Blood pressure, plasma inflammatory cytokine levels and blood glucose were also considered. Following 13 weeks of intervention, mice treated with ED, sfED, and SD showed significant disruption of BBB. However, marked neuroinflammation was observed only in sfED group mice. The consumption of ED and sfED significantly altered the blood pressure and plasma concentrations of inflammatory cytokines, TNF-a, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10, and both increased plasma glucose. Correlation analyses showed significant associations between BBB dysfunction and hypotension, hyperglycaemia and cytokine dyshomeostasis. The intake of energy drink, particularly the sugar free formulation, may compromise the integrity of BBB and induce neuroinflammation via hypotension, hyperglycaemia and inflammatory pathways.
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spelling pubmed-81266142021-05-18 The Consumption of Energy Drinks Induces Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in Wild-Type Mice Graneri, Liam Lam, Virginie D'Alonzo, Zachary Nesbit, Michael Mamo, John C. L. Takechi, Ryusuke Front Nutr Nutrition Energy drinks containing significant quantities of caffeine and sugar are increasingly consumed, particularly by adolescents and young adults. Chronic ingestion of energy drinks may potentially regulate vascular risk factors. This study investigated the effects of chronic ingestion of energy drinks on blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and neuroinflammation. Male C57BL/6J mice were maintained on water (control), Mother(TM) (ED), sugar-free Mother(TM) (sfED), or Coca Cola(TM) soft drink (SD) for 13 weeks. The BBB integrity and neuroinflammation were analyzed with semi-quantitative immunofluorescent microscopy. Blood pressure, plasma inflammatory cytokine levels and blood glucose were also considered. Following 13 weeks of intervention, mice treated with ED, sfED, and SD showed significant disruption of BBB. However, marked neuroinflammation was observed only in sfED group mice. The consumption of ED and sfED significantly altered the blood pressure and plasma concentrations of inflammatory cytokines, TNF-a, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10, and both increased plasma glucose. Correlation analyses showed significant associations between BBB dysfunction and hypotension, hyperglycaemia and cytokine dyshomeostasis. The intake of energy drink, particularly the sugar free formulation, may compromise the integrity of BBB and induce neuroinflammation via hypotension, hyperglycaemia and inflammatory pathways. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-05-03 /pmc/articles/PMC8126614/ /pubmed/34012975 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.668514 Text en Copyright © 2021 Graneri, Lam, D'Alonzo, Nesbit, Mamo and Takechi. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Nutrition
Graneri, Liam
Lam, Virginie
D'Alonzo, Zachary
Nesbit, Michael
Mamo, John C. L.
Takechi, Ryusuke
The Consumption of Energy Drinks Induces Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in Wild-Type Mice
title The Consumption of Energy Drinks Induces Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in Wild-Type Mice
title_full The Consumption of Energy Drinks Induces Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in Wild-Type Mice
title_fullStr The Consumption of Energy Drinks Induces Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in Wild-Type Mice
title_full_unstemmed The Consumption of Energy Drinks Induces Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in Wild-Type Mice
title_short The Consumption of Energy Drinks Induces Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in Wild-Type Mice
title_sort consumption of energy drinks induces blood-brain barrier dysfunction in wild-type mice
topic Nutrition
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8126614/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34012975
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.668514
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