Lateral Fracture–Dislocation of the Calcaneus: Case Reports and a Systematic Review

OBJECTIVE: To report a case series of calcaneal fracture–dislocations, which have not been described previously in China, and to provide a systematic review to explore the clinic manifestations, methods for diagnoses, and treatments. METHODS: Between January 2018 and December 2019, 4 patients (4 men; average age, 33.0 ± 16.67 years; range, 15–50 years) were diagnosed with fracture–dislocation of the calcaneus and treated by surgery. We also reviewed published cases and studies of calcaneal fracture–dislocations through the databases of PubMed and Web of Science between January 1977 and December 2019. RESULTS: Between January 2018 and December 2019, 4 cases were identified as calcaneal fracture–dislocations in our hospital. The main clinical manifestations include hindfoot pain, swelling, and deformity. The diagnoses were confirmed via radiographic examination. Two patients underwent open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) and two were treated with a minimally invasive approach. Diagnosis had been missed in one patient and, consequently, presented with early signs of post‐traumatic arthritis, which may require extra subtalar arthrodesis in the future. Two patients were diagnosed inaccurately but achieved satisfactory outcomes through open reduction and internal fixation. The average follow‐up period was 9.75 ± 5.19 months. Except for the 1 misdiagnosed patient, the other 3 patients showed functional improvement. Only 23 fracture–dislocations of calcaneus cases were reported in the literature between January 1977 and December 2019. There were 15 Sanders type II fractures (65.22%) and 7 (30.43%) Sanders type III fractures, and there was 1 grade II open calcaneal fracture. Among them, 1 was a medial dislocation and 2 were “joint‐elevation” dislocations; the rest of them (20/23, 86.96%) were lateral dislocations. A total of 11 patients (47.83%) exhibited the double‐density sign, and varus tilt of the talus was revealed on plain radiographs for 9 patients (39.13%). Increased Bohler's angle was evident in lateral X‐ray films for 2 patients (2/23, 8.70%). A total of 21 cases (86.96%) were treated with surgical intervention and achieved satisfactory outcomes. Only 1 patient was treated with external fixation. Another 2 patients were treated conservatively and had poor clinic outcomes. CONCLUSION: Calcaneal fracture–dislocation is a rare injury that is challenging to treat. Clinical manifestations such as fibular tendon dislocation, the double‐density sign on profile radiography, and abnormal talar tilt in the distal talofibular joint are important signs that may indicate this rare injury pattern. Timely surgical intervention is essential for satisfactory clinic outcomes. Orthopaedic surgeons should be aware of this uncommon injury to avoid misdiagnosis or inappropriate treatment.