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Vector saliva controlled inflammatory response of the host may represent the Achilles heel during pathogen transmission

Infection with vector-borne pathogens starts with the inoculation of these pathogens during blood feeding. In endemic regions, the population is regularly bitten by naive vectors, implicating a permanent stimulation of the immune system by the vector saliva itself (pre-immune context). Comparatively...

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Autores principales: Demarta-Gatsi, Claudia, Mécheri, Salah
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Centro de Estudos de Venenos e Animais Peçonhentos 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8128132/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34035796
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2020-0155
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author Demarta-Gatsi, Claudia
Mécheri, Salah
author_facet Demarta-Gatsi, Claudia
Mécheri, Salah
author_sort Demarta-Gatsi, Claudia
collection PubMed
description Infection with vector-borne pathogens starts with the inoculation of these pathogens during blood feeding. In endemic regions, the population is regularly bitten by naive vectors, implicating a permanent stimulation of the immune system by the vector saliva itself (pre-immune context). Comparatively, the number of bites received by exposed individuals from non-infected vectors is much higher than the bites from infected ones. Therefore, vector saliva and the immunological response in the skin may play an important role, so far underestimated, in the establishment of anti-pathogen immunity in endemic areas. Hence, the parasite biology and the disease pathogenesis in “saliva-primed” and “saliva-unprimed” individuals must be different. This integrated view on how the pathogen evolves within the host together with vector salivary components, which are known to be endowed with a variety of pharmacological and immunological properties, must remain the focus of any investigational study dealing with vector-borne diseases. Considering this three-way partnership, the host skin (immune system), the pathogen, and the vector saliva, the approach that consists in the validation of vector saliva as a source of molecular entities with anti-disease vaccine potential has been recently a subject of active and fruitful investigation. As an example, the vaccination with maxadilan, a potent vasodilator peptide extracted from the saliva of the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis, was able to protect against infection with various leishmanial parasites. More interestingly, a universal mosquito saliva vaccine that may potentially protect against a range of mosquito-borne infections including malaria, dengue, Zika, chikungunya and yellow fever. In this review, we highlight the key role played by the immunobiology of vector saliva in shaping the outcome of vector-borne diseases and discuss the value of studying diseases in the light of intimate cross talk among the pathogen, the vector saliva, and the host immune mechanisms.
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spelling pubmed-81281322021-05-24 Vector saliva controlled inflammatory response of the host may represent the Achilles heel during pathogen transmission Demarta-Gatsi, Claudia Mécheri, Salah J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis Review Infection with vector-borne pathogens starts with the inoculation of these pathogens during blood feeding. In endemic regions, the population is regularly bitten by naive vectors, implicating a permanent stimulation of the immune system by the vector saliva itself (pre-immune context). Comparatively, the number of bites received by exposed individuals from non-infected vectors is much higher than the bites from infected ones. Therefore, vector saliva and the immunological response in the skin may play an important role, so far underestimated, in the establishment of anti-pathogen immunity in endemic areas. Hence, the parasite biology and the disease pathogenesis in “saliva-primed” and “saliva-unprimed” individuals must be different. This integrated view on how the pathogen evolves within the host together with vector salivary components, which are known to be endowed with a variety of pharmacological and immunological properties, must remain the focus of any investigational study dealing with vector-borne diseases. Considering this three-way partnership, the host skin (immune system), the pathogen, and the vector saliva, the approach that consists in the validation of vector saliva as a source of molecular entities with anti-disease vaccine potential has been recently a subject of active and fruitful investigation. As an example, the vaccination with maxadilan, a potent vasodilator peptide extracted from the saliva of the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis, was able to protect against infection with various leishmanial parasites. More interestingly, a universal mosquito saliva vaccine that may potentially protect against a range of mosquito-borne infections including malaria, dengue, Zika, chikungunya and yellow fever. In this review, we highlight the key role played by the immunobiology of vector saliva in shaping the outcome of vector-borne diseases and discuss the value of studying diseases in the light of intimate cross talk among the pathogen, the vector saliva, and the host immune mechanisms. Centro de Estudos de Venenos e Animais Peçonhentos 2021-05-17 /pmc/articles/PMC8128132/ /pubmed/34035796 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2020-0155 Text en https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/© The Author(s). 2021 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
spellingShingle Review
Demarta-Gatsi, Claudia
Mécheri, Salah
Vector saliva controlled inflammatory response of the host may represent the Achilles heel during pathogen transmission
title Vector saliva controlled inflammatory response of the host may represent the Achilles heel during pathogen transmission
title_full Vector saliva controlled inflammatory response of the host may represent the Achilles heel during pathogen transmission
title_fullStr Vector saliva controlled inflammatory response of the host may represent the Achilles heel during pathogen transmission
title_full_unstemmed Vector saliva controlled inflammatory response of the host may represent the Achilles heel during pathogen transmission
title_short Vector saliva controlled inflammatory response of the host may represent the Achilles heel during pathogen transmission
title_sort vector saliva controlled inflammatory response of the host may represent the achilles heel during pathogen transmission
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8128132/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34035796
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2020-0155
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