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COVID-19: breaking down a global health crisis
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the second pandemic of the twenty-first century, with over one-hundred million infections and over two million deaths to date. It is a novel strain from the Coronaviridae family, named Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2); the 7...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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BioMed Central
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8129964/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34006330 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12941-021-00438-7 |
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author | Mallah, Saad I. Ghorab, Omar K. Al-Salmi, Sabrina Abdellatif, Omar S. Tharmaratnam, Tharmegan Iskandar, Mina Amin Sefen, Jessica Atef Nassef Sidhu, Pardeep Atallah, Bassam El-Lababidi, Rania Al-Qahtani, Manaf |
author_facet | Mallah, Saad I. Ghorab, Omar K. Al-Salmi, Sabrina Abdellatif, Omar S. Tharmaratnam, Tharmegan Iskandar, Mina Amin Sefen, Jessica Atef Nassef Sidhu, Pardeep Atallah, Bassam El-Lababidi, Rania Al-Qahtani, Manaf |
author_sort | Mallah, Saad I. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the second pandemic of the twenty-first century, with over one-hundred million infections and over two million deaths to date. It is a novel strain from the Coronaviridae family, named Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2); the 7th known member of the coronavirus family to cause disease in humans, notably following the Middle East Respiratory syndrome (MERS), and Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (SARS). The most characteristic feature of this single-stranded RNA molecule includes the spike glycoprotein on its surface. Most patients with COVID-19, of which the elderly and immunocompromised are most at risk, complain of flu-like symptoms, including dry cough and headache. The most common complications include pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, septic shock, and cardiovascular manifestations. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is mainly via respiratory droplets, either directly from the air when an infected patient coughs or sneezes, or in the form of fomites on surfaces. Maintaining hand-hygiene, social distancing, and personal protective equipment (i.e., masks) remain the most effective precautions. Patient management includes supportive care and anticoagulative measures, with a focus on maintaining respiratory function. Therapy with dexamethasone, remdesivir, and tocilizumab appear to be most promising to date, with hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir, ritonavir, and interferons falling out of favour. Additionally, accelerated vaccination efforts have taken place internationally, with several promising vaccinations being mass deployed. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, countries and stakeholders have taken varying precautions to combat and contain the spread of the virus and dampen its collateral economic damage. This review paper aims to synthesize the impact of the virus on a global, micro to macro scale. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8129964 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-81299642021-05-18 COVID-19: breaking down a global health crisis Mallah, Saad I. Ghorab, Omar K. Al-Salmi, Sabrina Abdellatif, Omar S. Tharmaratnam, Tharmegan Iskandar, Mina Amin Sefen, Jessica Atef Nassef Sidhu, Pardeep Atallah, Bassam El-Lababidi, Rania Al-Qahtani, Manaf Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob Review Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the second pandemic of the twenty-first century, with over one-hundred million infections and over two million deaths to date. It is a novel strain from the Coronaviridae family, named Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2); the 7th known member of the coronavirus family to cause disease in humans, notably following the Middle East Respiratory syndrome (MERS), and Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (SARS). The most characteristic feature of this single-stranded RNA molecule includes the spike glycoprotein on its surface. Most patients with COVID-19, of which the elderly and immunocompromised are most at risk, complain of flu-like symptoms, including dry cough and headache. The most common complications include pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, septic shock, and cardiovascular manifestations. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is mainly via respiratory droplets, either directly from the air when an infected patient coughs or sneezes, or in the form of fomites on surfaces. Maintaining hand-hygiene, social distancing, and personal protective equipment (i.e., masks) remain the most effective precautions. Patient management includes supportive care and anticoagulative measures, with a focus on maintaining respiratory function. Therapy with dexamethasone, remdesivir, and tocilizumab appear to be most promising to date, with hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir, ritonavir, and interferons falling out of favour. Additionally, accelerated vaccination efforts have taken place internationally, with several promising vaccinations being mass deployed. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, countries and stakeholders have taken varying precautions to combat and contain the spread of the virus and dampen its collateral economic damage. This review paper aims to synthesize the impact of the virus on a global, micro to macro scale. BioMed Central 2021-05-18 /pmc/articles/PMC8129964/ /pubmed/34006330 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12941-021-00438-7 Text en © The Author(s) 2021 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. |
spellingShingle | Review Mallah, Saad I. Ghorab, Omar K. Al-Salmi, Sabrina Abdellatif, Omar S. Tharmaratnam, Tharmegan Iskandar, Mina Amin Sefen, Jessica Atef Nassef Sidhu, Pardeep Atallah, Bassam El-Lababidi, Rania Al-Qahtani, Manaf COVID-19: breaking down a global health crisis |
title | COVID-19: breaking down a global health crisis |
title_full | COVID-19: breaking down a global health crisis |
title_fullStr | COVID-19: breaking down a global health crisis |
title_full_unstemmed | COVID-19: breaking down a global health crisis |
title_short | COVID-19: breaking down a global health crisis |
title_sort | covid-19: breaking down a global health crisis |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8129964/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34006330 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12941-021-00438-7 |
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