Interplay between hydrogen sulfide and other signaling molecules in the regulation of guard cell signaling and abiotic/biotic stress response

Stomatal aperture controls the balance between transpirational water loss and photosynthetic carbon dioxide (CO(2)) uptake. Stomata are surrounded by pairs of guard cells that sense and transduce environmental or stress signals to induce diverse endogenous responses for adaptation to environmental changes. In a recent decade, hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has been recognized as a signaling molecule that regulates stomatal movement. In this review, we summarize recent progress in research on the regulatory role of H(2)S in stomatal movement, including the dynamic regulation of phytohormones, ion homeostasis, and cell structural components. We focus especially on the cross talk among H(2)S, nitric oxide (NO), and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) in guard cells, as well as on H(2)S-mediated post-translational protein modification (cysteine thiol persulfidation). Finally, we summarize the mechanisms by which H(2)S interacts with other signaling molecules in plants under abiotic or biotic stress. Based on evidence and clues from existing research, we propose some issues that need to be addressed in the future.