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Maternal nutrients and effects of gestational COVID-19 infection on fetal brain development()
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Maternal gestational infection is a well-characterized risk factor for offsprings’ development of mental disorders including schizophrenia, autism, and attention deficit disorder. The inflammatory response elicited by the infection is partly directed against the placenta and f...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8144544/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34024500 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.04.019 |
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author | Hoffman, M. Camille Freedman, Robert Law, Amanda J. Clark, Alena M. Hunter, Sharon K. |
author_facet | Hoffman, M. Camille Freedman, Robert Law, Amanda J. Clark, Alena M. Hunter, Sharon K. |
author_sort | Hoffman, M. Camille |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND & AIMS: Maternal gestational infection is a well-characterized risk factor for offsprings’ development of mental disorders including schizophrenia, autism, and attention deficit disorder. The inflammatory response elicited by the infection is partly directed against the placenta and fetus and is the putative pathogenic mechanism for fetal brain developmental abnormalities. Fetal brain abnormalities are generally irreversible after birth and increase risk for later mental disorders. Maternal immune activation in animals models this pathophysiology. SARS-CoV-2 produces maternal inflammatory responses during pregnancy similar to previously studied common respiratory viruses. METHOD: Choline, folic acid, Vitamin D, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are among the nutrients that have been studied as possible mitigating factors for effects of maternal infection and inflammation on fetal development. Clinical and animal studies relevant to their use in pregnant women who have been infected are reviewed. RESULTS: Higher maternal choline levels have positive effects on the development of brain function for infants of mothers who experienced viral infections in early pregnancy. No other nutrient has been studied in the context of viral inflammation. Vitamin D reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines in some, but not all, studies. Active folic acid metabolites decrease anti-inflammatory cytokines. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have no effect. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D and folic acid are already supplemented in food additives and in prenatal vitamins. Despite recommendations by several public health agencies and medical societies, choline intake is often inadequate in early gestation when the brain is forming. A public health initiative for choline supplements during the pandemic could be helpful for women planning or already pregnant who also become exposed or infected with SARS-CoV-2. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8144544 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. Published by Elsevier Ltd. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-81445442022-06-01 Maternal nutrients and effects of gestational COVID-19 infection on fetal brain development() Hoffman, M. Camille Freedman, Robert Law, Amanda J. Clark, Alena M. Hunter, Sharon K. Clin Nutr ESPEN Narrative Review BACKGROUND & AIMS: Maternal gestational infection is a well-characterized risk factor for offsprings’ development of mental disorders including schizophrenia, autism, and attention deficit disorder. The inflammatory response elicited by the infection is partly directed against the placenta and fetus and is the putative pathogenic mechanism for fetal brain developmental abnormalities. Fetal brain abnormalities are generally irreversible after birth and increase risk for later mental disorders. Maternal immune activation in animals models this pathophysiology. SARS-CoV-2 produces maternal inflammatory responses during pregnancy similar to previously studied common respiratory viruses. METHOD: Choline, folic acid, Vitamin D, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are among the nutrients that have been studied as possible mitigating factors for effects of maternal infection and inflammation on fetal development. Clinical and animal studies relevant to their use in pregnant women who have been infected are reviewed. RESULTS: Higher maternal choline levels have positive effects on the development of brain function for infants of mothers who experienced viral infections in early pregnancy. No other nutrient has been studied in the context of viral inflammation. Vitamin D reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines in some, but not all, studies. Active folic acid metabolites decrease anti-inflammatory cytokines. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have no effect. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D and folic acid are already supplemented in food additives and in prenatal vitamins. Despite recommendations by several public health agencies and medical societies, choline intake is often inadequate in early gestation when the brain is forming. A public health initiative for choline supplements during the pandemic could be helpful for women planning or already pregnant who also become exposed or infected with SARS-CoV-2. European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. Published by Elsevier Ltd. 2021-06 2021-04-29 /pmc/articles/PMC8144544/ /pubmed/34024500 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.04.019 Text en © 2021 European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active. |
spellingShingle | Narrative Review Hoffman, M. Camille Freedman, Robert Law, Amanda J. Clark, Alena M. Hunter, Sharon K. Maternal nutrients and effects of gestational COVID-19 infection on fetal brain development() |
title | Maternal nutrients and effects of gestational COVID-19 infection on fetal brain development() |
title_full | Maternal nutrients and effects of gestational COVID-19 infection on fetal brain development() |
title_fullStr | Maternal nutrients and effects of gestational COVID-19 infection on fetal brain development() |
title_full_unstemmed | Maternal nutrients and effects of gestational COVID-19 infection on fetal brain development() |
title_short | Maternal nutrients and effects of gestational COVID-19 infection on fetal brain development() |
title_sort | maternal nutrients and effects of gestational covid-19 infection on fetal brain development() |
topic | Narrative Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8144544/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34024500 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.04.019 |
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