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Diagnosis and Management of Rectal Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs)

Rectal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare, with an incidence of 0.17%, but they represent 12% to 27% of all NETs and 20% of gastrointestinal NETs. Although rectal NETs are uncommon tumors, their incidence has increased over the past few years, and this is probably due to the improvement in detect...

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Autores principales: Maione, Francesco, Chini, Alessia, Milone, Marco, Gennarelli, Nicola, Manigrasso, Michele, Maione, Rosa, Cassese, Gianluca, Pagano, Gianluca, Tropeano, Francesca Paola, Luglio, Gaetano, De Palma, Giovanni Domenico
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8145857/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33923121
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11050771
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author Maione, Francesco
Chini, Alessia
Milone, Marco
Gennarelli, Nicola
Manigrasso, Michele
Maione, Rosa
Cassese, Gianluca
Pagano, Gianluca
Tropeano, Francesca Paola
Luglio, Gaetano
De Palma, Giovanni Domenico
author_facet Maione, Francesco
Chini, Alessia
Milone, Marco
Gennarelli, Nicola
Manigrasso, Michele
Maione, Rosa
Cassese, Gianluca
Pagano, Gianluca
Tropeano, Francesca Paola
Luglio, Gaetano
De Palma, Giovanni Domenico
author_sort Maione, Francesco
collection PubMed
description Rectal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare, with an incidence of 0.17%, but they represent 12% to 27% of all NETs and 20% of gastrointestinal NETs. Although rectal NETs are uncommon tumors, their incidence has increased over the past few years, and this is probably due to the improvement in detection rates made by advanced endoscopic procedures. The biological behavior of rectal NETs may be different: factors predicting the risk of metastases have been identified, such as size and grade of differentiation. The tendency for metastatic diffusion generally depends on the tumor size, muscular and lymphovascular infiltration, and histopathological differentiation. According to the current European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (ENETS) guidelines, tumors that are smaller than 10 mm and well differentiated are thought to have a low risk of lymphovascular invasion, and they should be completely removed endoscopically. Rectal NETs larger than 20 mm have a higher risk of involvement of muscularis propria and high metastatic risk and are candidates for surgical resection. There is controversy over rectal NETs of intermediate size, 10–19 mm, where the metastatic risk is considered to be 10–15%: assessment of tumors endoscopically and by endoanal ultrasound should guide treatment in these cases towards endoscopic, transanal, or surgical resection.
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spelling pubmed-81458572021-05-26 Diagnosis and Management of Rectal Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs) Maione, Francesco Chini, Alessia Milone, Marco Gennarelli, Nicola Manigrasso, Michele Maione, Rosa Cassese, Gianluca Pagano, Gianluca Tropeano, Francesca Paola Luglio, Gaetano De Palma, Giovanni Domenico Diagnostics (Basel) Review Rectal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare, with an incidence of 0.17%, but they represent 12% to 27% of all NETs and 20% of gastrointestinal NETs. Although rectal NETs are uncommon tumors, their incidence has increased over the past few years, and this is probably due to the improvement in detection rates made by advanced endoscopic procedures. The biological behavior of rectal NETs may be different: factors predicting the risk of metastases have been identified, such as size and grade of differentiation. The tendency for metastatic diffusion generally depends on the tumor size, muscular and lymphovascular infiltration, and histopathological differentiation. According to the current European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (ENETS) guidelines, tumors that are smaller than 10 mm and well differentiated are thought to have a low risk of lymphovascular invasion, and they should be completely removed endoscopically. Rectal NETs larger than 20 mm have a higher risk of involvement of muscularis propria and high metastatic risk and are candidates for surgical resection. There is controversy over rectal NETs of intermediate size, 10–19 mm, where the metastatic risk is considered to be 10–15%: assessment of tumors endoscopically and by endoanal ultrasound should guide treatment in these cases towards endoscopic, transanal, or surgical resection. MDPI 2021-04-25 /pmc/articles/PMC8145857/ /pubmed/33923121 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11050771 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Maione, Francesco
Chini, Alessia
Milone, Marco
Gennarelli, Nicola
Manigrasso, Michele
Maione, Rosa
Cassese, Gianluca
Pagano, Gianluca
Tropeano, Francesca Paola
Luglio, Gaetano
De Palma, Giovanni Domenico
Diagnosis and Management of Rectal Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs)
title Diagnosis and Management of Rectal Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs)
title_full Diagnosis and Management of Rectal Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs)
title_fullStr Diagnosis and Management of Rectal Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs)
title_full_unstemmed Diagnosis and Management of Rectal Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs)
title_short Diagnosis and Management of Rectal Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs)
title_sort diagnosis and management of rectal neuroendocrine tumors (nets)
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8145857/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33923121
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11050771
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