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Pluripotency and Growth Factors in Early Embryonic Development of Mammals: A Comparative Approach

The regulation of early events in mammalian embryonic development is a complex process. In the early stages, pluripotency, cellular differentiation, and growth should occur at specific times and these events are regulated by different genes that are expressed at specific times and locations. The gen...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autor principal: Llobat, Lola
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8147802/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34064445
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8050078
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author Llobat, Lola
author_facet Llobat, Lola
author_sort Llobat, Lola
collection PubMed
description The regulation of early events in mammalian embryonic development is a complex process. In the early stages, pluripotency, cellular differentiation, and growth should occur at specific times and these events are regulated by different genes that are expressed at specific times and locations. The genes related to pluripotency and cellular differentiation, and growth factors that determine successful embryonic development are different (or differentially expressed) among mammalian species. Some genes are fundamental for controlling pluripotency in some species but less fundamental in others, for example, Oct4 is particularly relevant in bovine early embryonic development, whereas Oct4 inhibition does not affect ovine early embryonic development. In addition, some mechanisms that regulate cellular differentiation do not seem to be clear or evolutionarily conserved. After cellular differentiation, growth factors are relevant in early development, and their effects also differ among species, for example, insulin-like growth factor improves the blastocyst development rate in some species but does not have the same effect in mice. Some growth factors influence genes related to pluripotency, and therefore, their role in early embryo development is not limited to cell growth but could also involve the earliest stages of development. In this review, we summarize the differences among mammalian species regarding the regulation of pluripotency, cellular differentiation, and growth factors in the early stages of embryonic development.
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spelling pubmed-81478022021-05-26 Pluripotency and Growth Factors in Early Embryonic Development of Mammals: A Comparative Approach Llobat, Lola Vet Sci Review The regulation of early events in mammalian embryonic development is a complex process. In the early stages, pluripotency, cellular differentiation, and growth should occur at specific times and these events are regulated by different genes that are expressed at specific times and locations. The genes related to pluripotency and cellular differentiation, and growth factors that determine successful embryonic development are different (or differentially expressed) among mammalian species. Some genes are fundamental for controlling pluripotency in some species but less fundamental in others, for example, Oct4 is particularly relevant in bovine early embryonic development, whereas Oct4 inhibition does not affect ovine early embryonic development. In addition, some mechanisms that regulate cellular differentiation do not seem to be clear or evolutionarily conserved. After cellular differentiation, growth factors are relevant in early development, and their effects also differ among species, for example, insulin-like growth factor improves the blastocyst development rate in some species but does not have the same effect in mice. Some growth factors influence genes related to pluripotency, and therefore, their role in early embryo development is not limited to cell growth but could also involve the earliest stages of development. In this review, we summarize the differences among mammalian species regarding the regulation of pluripotency, cellular differentiation, and growth factors in the early stages of embryonic development. MDPI 2021-05-04 /pmc/articles/PMC8147802/ /pubmed/34064445 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8050078 Text en © 2021 by the author. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Llobat, Lola
Pluripotency and Growth Factors in Early Embryonic Development of Mammals: A Comparative Approach
title Pluripotency and Growth Factors in Early Embryonic Development of Mammals: A Comparative Approach
title_full Pluripotency and Growth Factors in Early Embryonic Development of Mammals: A Comparative Approach
title_fullStr Pluripotency and Growth Factors in Early Embryonic Development of Mammals: A Comparative Approach
title_full_unstemmed Pluripotency and Growth Factors in Early Embryonic Development of Mammals: A Comparative Approach
title_short Pluripotency and Growth Factors in Early Embryonic Development of Mammals: A Comparative Approach
title_sort pluripotency and growth factors in early embryonic development of mammals: a comparative approach
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8147802/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34064445
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8050078
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