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Inflammasome, the Constitutive Heterochromatin Machinery, and Replication of an Oncogenic Herpesvirus
The success of long-term host–virus partnerships is predicated on the ability of the host to limit the destructive potential of the virus and the virus’s skill in manipulating its host to persist undetected yet replicate efficiently when needed. By mastering such skills, herpesviruses persist silent...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8148530/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34066537 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13050846 |
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author | Bhaduri-McIntosh, Sumita McIntosh, Michael T. |
author_facet | Bhaduri-McIntosh, Sumita McIntosh, Michael T. |
author_sort | Bhaduri-McIntosh, Sumita |
collection | PubMed |
description | The success of long-term host–virus partnerships is predicated on the ability of the host to limit the destructive potential of the virus and the virus’s skill in manipulating its host to persist undetected yet replicate efficiently when needed. By mastering such skills, herpesviruses persist silently in their hosts, though perturbations in this host–virus equilibrium can result in disease. The heterochromatin machinery that tightly regulates endogenous retroviral elements and pericentromeric repeats also silences invading genomes of alpha-, beta-, and gammaherpesviruses. That said, how these viruses disrupt this constitutive heterochromatin machinery to replicate and spread, particularly in response to disparate lytic triggers, is unclear. Here, we review how the cancer-causing gammaherpesvirus Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) uses the inflammasome as a security system to alert itself of threats to its cellular home as well as to flip the virus-encoded lytic switch, allowing it to replicate and escape in response to a variety of lytic triggers. EBV provides the first example of an infectious agent able to actively exploit the inflammasome to spark its replication. Revealing an unexpected link between the inflammasome and the epigenome, this further brings insights into how the heterochromatin machinery uses differential strategies to maintain the integrity of the cellular genome whilst guarding against invading pathogens. These recent insights into EBV biology and host–viral epigenetic regulation ultimately point to the NLRP3 inflammasome as an attractive target to thwart herpesvirus reactivation. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8148530 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-81485302021-05-26 Inflammasome, the Constitutive Heterochromatin Machinery, and Replication of an Oncogenic Herpesvirus Bhaduri-McIntosh, Sumita McIntosh, Michael T. Viruses Review The success of long-term host–virus partnerships is predicated on the ability of the host to limit the destructive potential of the virus and the virus’s skill in manipulating its host to persist undetected yet replicate efficiently when needed. By mastering such skills, herpesviruses persist silently in their hosts, though perturbations in this host–virus equilibrium can result in disease. The heterochromatin machinery that tightly regulates endogenous retroviral elements and pericentromeric repeats also silences invading genomes of alpha-, beta-, and gammaherpesviruses. That said, how these viruses disrupt this constitutive heterochromatin machinery to replicate and spread, particularly in response to disparate lytic triggers, is unclear. Here, we review how the cancer-causing gammaherpesvirus Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) uses the inflammasome as a security system to alert itself of threats to its cellular home as well as to flip the virus-encoded lytic switch, allowing it to replicate and escape in response to a variety of lytic triggers. EBV provides the first example of an infectious agent able to actively exploit the inflammasome to spark its replication. Revealing an unexpected link between the inflammasome and the epigenome, this further brings insights into how the heterochromatin machinery uses differential strategies to maintain the integrity of the cellular genome whilst guarding against invading pathogens. These recent insights into EBV biology and host–viral epigenetic regulation ultimately point to the NLRP3 inflammasome as an attractive target to thwart herpesvirus reactivation. MDPI 2021-05-06 /pmc/articles/PMC8148530/ /pubmed/34066537 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13050846 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Bhaduri-McIntosh, Sumita McIntosh, Michael T. Inflammasome, the Constitutive Heterochromatin Machinery, and Replication of an Oncogenic Herpesvirus |
title | Inflammasome, the Constitutive Heterochromatin Machinery, and Replication of an Oncogenic Herpesvirus |
title_full | Inflammasome, the Constitutive Heterochromatin Machinery, and Replication of an Oncogenic Herpesvirus |
title_fullStr | Inflammasome, the Constitutive Heterochromatin Machinery, and Replication of an Oncogenic Herpesvirus |
title_full_unstemmed | Inflammasome, the Constitutive Heterochromatin Machinery, and Replication of an Oncogenic Herpesvirus |
title_short | Inflammasome, the Constitutive Heterochromatin Machinery, and Replication of an Oncogenic Herpesvirus |
title_sort | inflammasome, the constitutive heterochromatin machinery, and replication of an oncogenic herpesvirus |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8148530/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34066537 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13050846 |
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