Growth Mechanisms of Nano-to Micro-Sized Lead Sulfate Particles

[Image: see text] PbSO(4) is a key component in the charging and discharging of lead acid batteries—such as the cycling of automotive batteries. PbSO(4) is a poor conductor that forms on the positive and negative electrodes during discharging and dissolves during charging of a lead acid battery. Over time, buildup of PbSO(4) occurs on the electrodes, ultimately reducing the efficiency of the battery. This study aims to determine the nucleation and growth mechanisms of PbSO(4) nanoparticles in various solutions to potentially reduce or control the buildup of PbSO(4) on battery electrodes over time. The time dependency of particle morphology was observed using various reaction conditions. PbSO(4) particles were created using premixed solutions at various times of reaction. H(2)O, acetone, methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol were used to stop the reaction and development of the PbSO(4) particles. The structure of the nanoparticles was characterized via transmission electron microscopy, high-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy, and selected area electron diffraction. This study provides insight into the mechanism by which PbSO(4) nanoparticles form in various solutions and reveals that the degree of complexity of the solution plays a large role in the nucleation and growth of the PbSO(4) nanoparticles. This insight can provide avenues to reduce unwanted buildup of PbSO(4) on battery electrodes over time, which can extend battery life and performance.