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Redox regulation of chloroplast metabolism

Regulation of enzyme activity based on thiol-disulfide exchange is a regulatory mechanism in which the protein disulfide reductase activity of thioredoxins (TRXs) plays a central role. Plant chloroplasts are equipped with a complex set of up to 20 TRXs and TRX-like proteins, the activity of which is...

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Autores principales: Cejudo, Francisco Javier, González, María-Cruz, Pérez-Ruiz, Juan Manuel
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Oxford University Press 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8154093/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33793865
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiaa062
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author Cejudo, Francisco Javier
González, María-Cruz
Pérez-Ruiz, Juan Manuel
author_facet Cejudo, Francisco Javier
González, María-Cruz
Pérez-Ruiz, Juan Manuel
author_sort Cejudo, Francisco Javier
collection PubMed
description Regulation of enzyme activity based on thiol-disulfide exchange is a regulatory mechanism in which the protein disulfide reductase activity of thioredoxins (TRXs) plays a central role. Plant chloroplasts are equipped with a complex set of up to 20 TRXs and TRX-like proteins, the activity of which is supported by reducing power provided by photosynthetically reduced ferredoxin (FDX) with the participation of a FDX-dependent TRX reductase (FTR). Therefore, the FDX–FTR–TRXs pathway allows the regulation of redox-sensitive chloroplast enzymes in response to light. In addition, chloroplasts contain an NADPH-dependent redox system, termed NTRC, which allows the use of NADPH in the redox network of these organelles. Genetic approaches using mutants of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) in combination with biochemical and physiological studies have shown that both redox systems, NTRC and FDX-FTR-TRXs, participate in fine-tuning chloroplast performance in response to changes in light intensity. Moreover, these studies revealed the participation of 2-Cys peroxiredoxin (2-Cys PRX), a thiol-dependent peroxidase, in the control of the reducing activity of chloroplast TRXs as well as in the rapid oxidation of stromal enzymes upon darkness. In this review, we provide an update on recent findings regarding the redox regulatory network of plant chloroplasts, focusing on the functional relationship of 2-Cys PRXs with NTRC and the FDX–FTR–TRXs redox systems for fine-tuning chloroplast performance in response to changes in light intensity and darkness. Finally, we consider redox regulation as an additional layer of control of the signaling function of the chloroplast.
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spelling pubmed-81540932021-05-28 Redox regulation of chloroplast metabolism Cejudo, Francisco Javier González, María-Cruz Pérez-Ruiz, Juan Manuel Plant Physiol Focus Issue on Plant Redox Biology Regulation of enzyme activity based on thiol-disulfide exchange is a regulatory mechanism in which the protein disulfide reductase activity of thioredoxins (TRXs) plays a central role. Plant chloroplasts are equipped with a complex set of up to 20 TRXs and TRX-like proteins, the activity of which is supported by reducing power provided by photosynthetically reduced ferredoxin (FDX) with the participation of a FDX-dependent TRX reductase (FTR). Therefore, the FDX–FTR–TRXs pathway allows the regulation of redox-sensitive chloroplast enzymes in response to light. In addition, chloroplasts contain an NADPH-dependent redox system, termed NTRC, which allows the use of NADPH in the redox network of these organelles. Genetic approaches using mutants of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) in combination with biochemical and physiological studies have shown that both redox systems, NTRC and FDX-FTR-TRXs, participate in fine-tuning chloroplast performance in response to changes in light intensity. Moreover, these studies revealed the participation of 2-Cys peroxiredoxin (2-Cys PRX), a thiol-dependent peroxidase, in the control of the reducing activity of chloroplast TRXs as well as in the rapid oxidation of stromal enzymes upon darkness. In this review, we provide an update on recent findings regarding the redox regulatory network of plant chloroplasts, focusing on the functional relationship of 2-Cys PRXs with NTRC and the FDX–FTR–TRXs redox systems for fine-tuning chloroplast performance in response to changes in light intensity and darkness. Finally, we consider redox regulation as an additional layer of control of the signaling function of the chloroplast. Oxford University Press 2020-12-18 /pmc/articles/PMC8154093/ /pubmed/33793865 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiaa062 Text en © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of American Society of Plant Biologists. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) ), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
spellingShingle Focus Issue on Plant Redox Biology
Cejudo, Francisco Javier
González, María-Cruz
Pérez-Ruiz, Juan Manuel
Redox regulation of chloroplast metabolism
title Redox regulation of chloroplast metabolism
title_full Redox regulation of chloroplast metabolism
title_fullStr Redox regulation of chloroplast metabolism
title_full_unstemmed Redox regulation of chloroplast metabolism
title_short Redox regulation of chloroplast metabolism
title_sort redox regulation of chloroplast metabolism
topic Focus Issue on Plant Redox Biology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8154093/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33793865
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiaa062
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AT gonzalezmariacruz redoxregulationofchloroplastmetabolism
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