Enhancing the Catalytic Performance of NiO during the Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil Using a Diatomite Carrier and an Integrated Ni(0) Metal: Response Surface Studies

[Image: see text] Two types of NiO-based composites (NiO@diatomite and Ni/NiO@diatomite) were synthesized as modified products of enhanced catalytic performances during the transesterification reactions of waste cooking oil. The influence of the diatomite substrate and the integration of metallic Ni(0) in inducing the catalytic activity were evaluated in a series of transesterification reactions. The experimental conditions were adjusted according to the response surface methodology and the central composite statistical design. Experimentally, the diatomite substrate and the Ni(0) metal induced the efficiency of the reaction to achieve a yield of 73.4% (NiO@diatomite) and 91% (Ni/NiO@diatomite), respectively, as compared to 66% for the pure phase (NiO). This was obtained under experimental conditions of 80 °C temperature, 100 min time, 12:1 methanol/oil molar ratio, and 3.75 wt % loading. The theoretical optimization functions of the designs suggested enhancement to the experimental conditions to achieve a yield of 76.3% by NiO@diatomite and 93.2% by Ni/NiO@diatomite. This reflected the role of the diatomite substrate in enhancing the surface area, the adsorption of fatty acids, and the exposure of the catalytic sites in addition to the effect of the Ni(0) metal in enhancing the catalytic reactivity of the final product. Finally, the biodiesel produced over Ni/NiO@diatomite as the best product was of acceptable properties according to the international standards.