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Exosomes: Innocent Bystanders or Critical Culprits in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized membrane-enclosed particles released by cells that participate in intercellular communication through the transfer of biologic material. EVs include exosomes that are small vesicles that were initially associated with the disposal of cellular garbage; howe...

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Autores principales: Beatriz, Margarida, Vilaça, Rita, Lopes, Carla
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8155522/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34055771
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.635104
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author Beatriz, Margarida
Vilaça, Rita
Lopes, Carla
author_facet Beatriz, Margarida
Vilaça, Rita
Lopes, Carla
author_sort Beatriz, Margarida
collection PubMed
description Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized membrane-enclosed particles released by cells that participate in intercellular communication through the transfer of biologic material. EVs include exosomes that are small vesicles that were initially associated with the disposal of cellular garbage; however, recent findings point toward a function as natural carriers of a wide variety of genetic material and proteins. Indeed, exosomes are vesicle mediators of intercellular communication and maintenance of cellular homeostasis. The role of exosomes in health and age-associated diseases is far from being understood, but recent evidence implicates exosomes as causative players in the spread of neurodegenerative diseases. Cells from the central nervous system (CNS) use exosomes as a strategy not only to eliminate membranes, toxic proteins, and RNA species but also to mediate short and long cell-to-cell communication as carriers of important messengers and signals. The accumulation of protein aggregates is a common pathological hallmark in many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and prion diseases. Protein aggregates can be removed and delivered to degradation by the endo-lysosomal pathway or can be incorporated in multivesicular bodies (MVBs) that are further released to the extracellular space as exosomes. Because exosome transport damaged cellular material, this eventually contributes to the spread of pathological misfolded proteins within the brain, thus promoting the neurodegeneration process. In this review, we focus on the role of exosomes in CNS homeostasis, their possible contribution to the development of neurodegenerative diseases, the usefulness of exosome cargo as biomarkers of disease, and the potential benefits of plasma circulating CNS-derived exosomes.
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spelling pubmed-81555222021-05-28 Exosomes: Innocent Bystanders or Critical Culprits in Neurodegenerative Diseases Beatriz, Margarida Vilaça, Rita Lopes, Carla Front Cell Dev Biol Cell and Developmental Biology Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized membrane-enclosed particles released by cells that participate in intercellular communication through the transfer of biologic material. EVs include exosomes that are small vesicles that were initially associated with the disposal of cellular garbage; however, recent findings point toward a function as natural carriers of a wide variety of genetic material and proteins. Indeed, exosomes are vesicle mediators of intercellular communication and maintenance of cellular homeostasis. The role of exosomes in health and age-associated diseases is far from being understood, but recent evidence implicates exosomes as causative players in the spread of neurodegenerative diseases. Cells from the central nervous system (CNS) use exosomes as a strategy not only to eliminate membranes, toxic proteins, and RNA species but also to mediate short and long cell-to-cell communication as carriers of important messengers and signals. The accumulation of protein aggregates is a common pathological hallmark in many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and prion diseases. Protein aggregates can be removed and delivered to degradation by the endo-lysosomal pathway or can be incorporated in multivesicular bodies (MVBs) that are further released to the extracellular space as exosomes. Because exosome transport damaged cellular material, this eventually contributes to the spread of pathological misfolded proteins within the brain, thus promoting the neurodegeneration process. In this review, we focus on the role of exosomes in CNS homeostasis, their possible contribution to the development of neurodegenerative diseases, the usefulness of exosome cargo as biomarkers of disease, and the potential benefits of plasma circulating CNS-derived exosomes. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-05-13 /pmc/articles/PMC8155522/ /pubmed/34055771 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.635104 Text en Copyright © 2021 Beatriz, Vilaça and Lopes. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Cell and Developmental Biology
Beatriz, Margarida
Vilaça, Rita
Lopes, Carla
Exosomes: Innocent Bystanders or Critical Culprits in Neurodegenerative Diseases
title Exosomes: Innocent Bystanders or Critical Culprits in Neurodegenerative Diseases
title_full Exosomes: Innocent Bystanders or Critical Culprits in Neurodegenerative Diseases
title_fullStr Exosomes: Innocent Bystanders or Critical Culprits in Neurodegenerative Diseases
title_full_unstemmed Exosomes: Innocent Bystanders or Critical Culprits in Neurodegenerative Diseases
title_short Exosomes: Innocent Bystanders or Critical Culprits in Neurodegenerative Diseases
title_sort exosomes: innocent bystanders or critical culprits in neurodegenerative diseases
topic Cell and Developmental Biology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8155522/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34055771
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.635104
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