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Trends in Weather Conditions and Performance by Age Groups Over the History of the Berlin Marathon

The effect of different environmental conditions such as temperature, wind, barometric pressure, and precipitation has been well investigated in elite marathoners, but not by age categories (i.e., age group marathoners). The aim of the study was to investigate the potential influence of environmenta...

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Autores principales: Knechtle, Beat, Valero, David, Villiger, Elias, Alvero-Cruz, José R., Nikolaidis, Pantelis T., Cuk, Ivan, Rosemann, Thomas, Scheer, Volker
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8155689/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34054573
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.654544
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author Knechtle, Beat
Valero, David
Villiger, Elias
Alvero-Cruz, José R.
Nikolaidis, Pantelis T.
Cuk, Ivan
Rosemann, Thomas
Scheer, Volker
author_facet Knechtle, Beat
Valero, David
Villiger, Elias
Alvero-Cruz, José R.
Nikolaidis, Pantelis T.
Cuk, Ivan
Rosemann, Thomas
Scheer, Volker
author_sort Knechtle, Beat
collection PubMed
description The effect of different environmental conditions such as temperature, wind, barometric pressure, and precipitation has been well investigated in elite marathoners, but not by age categories (i.e., age group marathoners). The aim of the study was to investigate the potential influence of environmental conditions such as temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric pressure on marathon performance in age group marathoners competing in the ‘Berlin Marathon’ from 1974 to 2019. A total of 869,474 valid finisher records were available for analysis, of which 711,136 correspond to males and 158,338 to females. The influence of temperature, atmospheric pressure, and precipitation on marathon race times was investigated in age group marathoners grouped in 5-year-intervals. Within the 46 years of Berlin marathons under investigation, there was some level of precipitation for 18 years, and 28 years without any rain. Sunshine was predominant in 25 of the events, whilst in the other 21 years, cloud cover was predominant. Marathon race times were significantly and positively correlated with age (i.e., older runners were slower than younger runners) where the correlation was higher for males than for females. Marathon race times were significantly and positively correlated with both the hours of sunshine and the daily maximum temperature. The fastest marathon runners (meaning the minimum times) achieved the fastest race times on race days with higher maximum temperatures (i.e., 15–30°C). Daily maximum temperatures showed an influence on age group marathoners from age group 35–40 years and older. Higher precipitation levels impaired performance across most age groups. In summary, higher daily maximum temperatures (i.e., >15°C) and higher precipitation levels impaired performance of master marathoners (i.e., 35–40 years and older) competing in the ‘Berlin Marathon’ in the last 45 years. Master marathoners should start in marathon races with temperatures < 15°C and no precipitation in order to achieve a fast marathon race time.
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spelling pubmed-81556892021-05-28 Trends in Weather Conditions and Performance by Age Groups Over the History of the Berlin Marathon Knechtle, Beat Valero, David Villiger, Elias Alvero-Cruz, José R. Nikolaidis, Pantelis T. Cuk, Ivan Rosemann, Thomas Scheer, Volker Front Physiol Physiology The effect of different environmental conditions such as temperature, wind, barometric pressure, and precipitation has been well investigated in elite marathoners, but not by age categories (i.e., age group marathoners). The aim of the study was to investigate the potential influence of environmental conditions such as temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric pressure on marathon performance in age group marathoners competing in the ‘Berlin Marathon’ from 1974 to 2019. A total of 869,474 valid finisher records were available for analysis, of which 711,136 correspond to males and 158,338 to females. The influence of temperature, atmospheric pressure, and precipitation on marathon race times was investigated in age group marathoners grouped in 5-year-intervals. Within the 46 years of Berlin marathons under investigation, there was some level of precipitation for 18 years, and 28 years without any rain. Sunshine was predominant in 25 of the events, whilst in the other 21 years, cloud cover was predominant. Marathon race times were significantly and positively correlated with age (i.e., older runners were slower than younger runners) where the correlation was higher for males than for females. Marathon race times were significantly and positively correlated with both the hours of sunshine and the daily maximum temperature. The fastest marathon runners (meaning the minimum times) achieved the fastest race times on race days with higher maximum temperatures (i.e., 15–30°C). Daily maximum temperatures showed an influence on age group marathoners from age group 35–40 years and older. Higher precipitation levels impaired performance across most age groups. In summary, higher daily maximum temperatures (i.e., >15°C) and higher precipitation levels impaired performance of master marathoners (i.e., 35–40 years and older) competing in the ‘Berlin Marathon’ in the last 45 years. Master marathoners should start in marathon races with temperatures < 15°C and no precipitation in order to achieve a fast marathon race time. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-05-13 /pmc/articles/PMC8155689/ /pubmed/34054573 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.654544 Text en Copyright © 2021 Knechtle, Valero, Villiger, Alvero-Cruz, Nikolaidis, Cuk, Rosemann and Scheer. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Physiology
Knechtle, Beat
Valero, David
Villiger, Elias
Alvero-Cruz, José R.
Nikolaidis, Pantelis T.
Cuk, Ivan
Rosemann, Thomas
Scheer, Volker
Trends in Weather Conditions and Performance by Age Groups Over the History of the Berlin Marathon
title Trends in Weather Conditions and Performance by Age Groups Over the History of the Berlin Marathon
title_full Trends in Weather Conditions and Performance by Age Groups Over the History of the Berlin Marathon
title_fullStr Trends in Weather Conditions and Performance by Age Groups Over the History of the Berlin Marathon
title_full_unstemmed Trends in Weather Conditions and Performance by Age Groups Over the History of the Berlin Marathon
title_short Trends in Weather Conditions and Performance by Age Groups Over the History of the Berlin Marathon
title_sort trends in weather conditions and performance by age groups over the history of the berlin marathon
topic Physiology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8155689/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34054573
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.654544
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