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Trends in Weather Conditions and Performance by Age Groups Over the History of the Berlin Marathon
The effect of different environmental conditions such as temperature, wind, barometric pressure, and precipitation has been well investigated in elite marathoners, but not by age categories (i.e., age group marathoners). The aim of the study was to investigate the potential influence of environmenta...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8155689/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34054573 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.654544 |
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author | Knechtle, Beat Valero, David Villiger, Elias Alvero-Cruz, José R. Nikolaidis, Pantelis T. Cuk, Ivan Rosemann, Thomas Scheer, Volker |
author_facet | Knechtle, Beat Valero, David Villiger, Elias Alvero-Cruz, José R. Nikolaidis, Pantelis T. Cuk, Ivan Rosemann, Thomas Scheer, Volker |
author_sort | Knechtle, Beat |
collection | PubMed |
description | The effect of different environmental conditions such as temperature, wind, barometric pressure, and precipitation has been well investigated in elite marathoners, but not by age categories (i.e., age group marathoners). The aim of the study was to investigate the potential influence of environmental conditions such as temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric pressure on marathon performance in age group marathoners competing in the ‘Berlin Marathon’ from 1974 to 2019. A total of 869,474 valid finisher records were available for analysis, of which 711,136 correspond to males and 158,338 to females. The influence of temperature, atmospheric pressure, and precipitation on marathon race times was investigated in age group marathoners grouped in 5-year-intervals. Within the 46 years of Berlin marathons under investigation, there was some level of precipitation for 18 years, and 28 years without any rain. Sunshine was predominant in 25 of the events, whilst in the other 21 years, cloud cover was predominant. Marathon race times were significantly and positively correlated with age (i.e., older runners were slower than younger runners) where the correlation was higher for males than for females. Marathon race times were significantly and positively correlated with both the hours of sunshine and the daily maximum temperature. The fastest marathon runners (meaning the minimum times) achieved the fastest race times on race days with higher maximum temperatures (i.e., 15–30°C). Daily maximum temperatures showed an influence on age group marathoners from age group 35–40 years and older. Higher precipitation levels impaired performance across most age groups. In summary, higher daily maximum temperatures (i.e., >15°C) and higher precipitation levels impaired performance of master marathoners (i.e., 35–40 years and older) competing in the ‘Berlin Marathon’ in the last 45 years. Master marathoners should start in marathon races with temperatures < 15°C and no precipitation in order to achieve a fast marathon race time. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8155689 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-81556892021-05-28 Trends in Weather Conditions and Performance by Age Groups Over the History of the Berlin Marathon Knechtle, Beat Valero, David Villiger, Elias Alvero-Cruz, José R. Nikolaidis, Pantelis T. Cuk, Ivan Rosemann, Thomas Scheer, Volker Front Physiol Physiology The effect of different environmental conditions such as temperature, wind, barometric pressure, and precipitation has been well investigated in elite marathoners, but not by age categories (i.e., age group marathoners). The aim of the study was to investigate the potential influence of environmental conditions such as temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric pressure on marathon performance in age group marathoners competing in the ‘Berlin Marathon’ from 1974 to 2019. A total of 869,474 valid finisher records were available for analysis, of which 711,136 correspond to males and 158,338 to females. The influence of temperature, atmospheric pressure, and precipitation on marathon race times was investigated in age group marathoners grouped in 5-year-intervals. Within the 46 years of Berlin marathons under investigation, there was some level of precipitation for 18 years, and 28 years without any rain. Sunshine was predominant in 25 of the events, whilst in the other 21 years, cloud cover was predominant. Marathon race times were significantly and positively correlated with age (i.e., older runners were slower than younger runners) where the correlation was higher for males than for females. Marathon race times were significantly and positively correlated with both the hours of sunshine and the daily maximum temperature. The fastest marathon runners (meaning the minimum times) achieved the fastest race times on race days with higher maximum temperatures (i.e., 15–30°C). Daily maximum temperatures showed an influence on age group marathoners from age group 35–40 years and older. Higher precipitation levels impaired performance across most age groups. In summary, higher daily maximum temperatures (i.e., >15°C) and higher precipitation levels impaired performance of master marathoners (i.e., 35–40 years and older) competing in the ‘Berlin Marathon’ in the last 45 years. Master marathoners should start in marathon races with temperatures < 15°C and no precipitation in order to achieve a fast marathon race time. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-05-13 /pmc/articles/PMC8155689/ /pubmed/34054573 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.654544 Text en Copyright © 2021 Knechtle, Valero, Villiger, Alvero-Cruz, Nikolaidis, Cuk, Rosemann and Scheer. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Physiology Knechtle, Beat Valero, David Villiger, Elias Alvero-Cruz, José R. Nikolaidis, Pantelis T. Cuk, Ivan Rosemann, Thomas Scheer, Volker Trends in Weather Conditions and Performance by Age Groups Over the History of the Berlin Marathon |
title | Trends in Weather Conditions and Performance by Age Groups Over the History of the Berlin Marathon |
title_full | Trends in Weather Conditions and Performance by Age Groups Over the History of the Berlin Marathon |
title_fullStr | Trends in Weather Conditions and Performance by Age Groups Over the History of the Berlin Marathon |
title_full_unstemmed | Trends in Weather Conditions and Performance by Age Groups Over the History of the Berlin Marathon |
title_short | Trends in Weather Conditions and Performance by Age Groups Over the History of the Berlin Marathon |
title_sort | trends in weather conditions and performance by age groups over the history of the berlin marathon |
topic | Physiology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8155689/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34054573 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.654544 |
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