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The HIV-1 Antisense Gene ASP: The New Kid on the Block
Viruses have developed incredibly creative ways of making a virtue out of necessity, including taking full advantage of their small genomes. Indeed, viruses often encode multiple proteins within the same genomic region by using two or more reading frames in both orientations through a process called...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8156140/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34067514 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9050513 |
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author | Gholizadeh, Zahra Iqbal, Mohd. Shameel Li, Rui Romerio, Fabio |
author_facet | Gholizadeh, Zahra Iqbal, Mohd. Shameel Li, Rui Romerio, Fabio |
author_sort | Gholizadeh, Zahra |
collection | PubMed |
description | Viruses have developed incredibly creative ways of making a virtue out of necessity, including taking full advantage of their small genomes. Indeed, viruses often encode multiple proteins within the same genomic region by using two or more reading frames in both orientations through a process called overprinting. Complex retroviruses provide compelling examples of that. The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genome expresses sixteen proteins from nine genes that are encoded in the three positive-sense reading frames. In addition, the genome of some HIV-1 strains contains a tenth gene in one of the negative-sense reading frames. The so-called Antisense Protein (ASP) gene overlaps the HIV-1 Rev Response Element (RRE) and the envelope glycoprotein gene, and encodes a highly hydrophobic protein of ~190 amino acids. Despite being identified over thirty years ago, relatively few studies have investigated the role that ASP may play in the virus lifecycle, and its expression in vivo is still questioned. Here we review the current knowledge about ASP, and we discuss some of the many unanswered questions. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8156140 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-81561402021-05-28 The HIV-1 Antisense Gene ASP: The New Kid on the Block Gholizadeh, Zahra Iqbal, Mohd. Shameel Li, Rui Romerio, Fabio Vaccines (Basel) Review Viruses have developed incredibly creative ways of making a virtue out of necessity, including taking full advantage of their small genomes. Indeed, viruses often encode multiple proteins within the same genomic region by using two or more reading frames in both orientations through a process called overprinting. Complex retroviruses provide compelling examples of that. The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genome expresses sixteen proteins from nine genes that are encoded in the three positive-sense reading frames. In addition, the genome of some HIV-1 strains contains a tenth gene in one of the negative-sense reading frames. The so-called Antisense Protein (ASP) gene overlaps the HIV-1 Rev Response Element (RRE) and the envelope glycoprotein gene, and encodes a highly hydrophobic protein of ~190 amino acids. Despite being identified over thirty years ago, relatively few studies have investigated the role that ASP may play in the virus lifecycle, and its expression in vivo is still questioned. Here we review the current knowledge about ASP, and we discuss some of the many unanswered questions. MDPI 2021-05-17 /pmc/articles/PMC8156140/ /pubmed/34067514 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9050513 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Gholizadeh, Zahra Iqbal, Mohd. Shameel Li, Rui Romerio, Fabio The HIV-1 Antisense Gene ASP: The New Kid on the Block |
title | The HIV-1 Antisense Gene ASP: The New Kid on the Block |
title_full | The HIV-1 Antisense Gene ASP: The New Kid on the Block |
title_fullStr | The HIV-1 Antisense Gene ASP: The New Kid on the Block |
title_full_unstemmed | The HIV-1 Antisense Gene ASP: The New Kid on the Block |
title_short | The HIV-1 Antisense Gene ASP: The New Kid on the Block |
title_sort | hiv-1 antisense gene asp: the new kid on the block |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8156140/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34067514 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9050513 |
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