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Heterogeneity of Colorectal Cancer Progression: Molecular Gas and Brakes
The review begins with molecular genetics, which hit the field unveiling the involvement of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC) and uncovering genetic predispositions. Then the notion of molecular phenotypes with different clinical behaviors was introd...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8156342/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34063506 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22105246 |
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author | Gaiani, Federica Marchesi, Federica Negri, Francesca Greco, Luana Malesci, Alberto de’Angelis, Gian Luigi Laghi, Luigi |
author_facet | Gaiani, Federica Marchesi, Federica Negri, Francesca Greco, Luana Malesci, Alberto de’Angelis, Gian Luigi Laghi, Luigi |
author_sort | Gaiani, Federica |
collection | PubMed |
description | The review begins with molecular genetics, which hit the field unveiling the involvement of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC) and uncovering genetic predispositions. Then the notion of molecular phenotypes with different clinical behaviors was introduced and translated in the clinical arena, paving the way to next-generation sequencing that captured previously unrecognized heterogeneity. Among other molecular regulators of CRC progression, the extent of host immune response within the tumor micro-environment has a critical position. Translational sciences deeply investigated the field, accelerating the pace toward clinical transition, due to its strong association with outcomes. While the perturbation of gut homeostasis occurring in inflammatory bowel diseases can fuel carcinogenesis, micronutrients like vitamin D and calcium can act as brakes, and we discuss underlying molecular mechanisms. Among the components of gut microbiota, Fusobacterium nucleatum is over-represented in CRC, and may worsen patient outcome. However, any translational knowledge tracing the multifaceted evolution of CRC should be interpreted according to the prognostic and predictive frame of the TNM-staging system in a perspective of clinical actionability. Eventually, we examine challenges and promises of pharmacological interventions aimed to restrain disease progression at different disease stages. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8156342 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-81563422021-05-28 Heterogeneity of Colorectal Cancer Progression: Molecular Gas and Brakes Gaiani, Federica Marchesi, Federica Negri, Francesca Greco, Luana Malesci, Alberto de’Angelis, Gian Luigi Laghi, Luigi Int J Mol Sci Review The review begins with molecular genetics, which hit the field unveiling the involvement of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC) and uncovering genetic predispositions. Then the notion of molecular phenotypes with different clinical behaviors was introduced and translated in the clinical arena, paving the way to next-generation sequencing that captured previously unrecognized heterogeneity. Among other molecular regulators of CRC progression, the extent of host immune response within the tumor micro-environment has a critical position. Translational sciences deeply investigated the field, accelerating the pace toward clinical transition, due to its strong association with outcomes. While the perturbation of gut homeostasis occurring in inflammatory bowel diseases can fuel carcinogenesis, micronutrients like vitamin D and calcium can act as brakes, and we discuss underlying molecular mechanisms. Among the components of gut microbiota, Fusobacterium nucleatum is over-represented in CRC, and may worsen patient outcome. However, any translational knowledge tracing the multifaceted evolution of CRC should be interpreted according to the prognostic and predictive frame of the TNM-staging system in a perspective of clinical actionability. Eventually, we examine challenges and promises of pharmacological interventions aimed to restrain disease progression at different disease stages. MDPI 2021-05-15 /pmc/articles/PMC8156342/ /pubmed/34063506 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22105246 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Gaiani, Federica Marchesi, Federica Negri, Francesca Greco, Luana Malesci, Alberto de’Angelis, Gian Luigi Laghi, Luigi Heterogeneity of Colorectal Cancer Progression: Molecular Gas and Brakes |
title | Heterogeneity of Colorectal Cancer Progression: Molecular Gas and Brakes |
title_full | Heterogeneity of Colorectal Cancer Progression: Molecular Gas and Brakes |
title_fullStr | Heterogeneity of Colorectal Cancer Progression: Molecular Gas and Brakes |
title_full_unstemmed | Heterogeneity of Colorectal Cancer Progression: Molecular Gas and Brakes |
title_short | Heterogeneity of Colorectal Cancer Progression: Molecular Gas and Brakes |
title_sort | heterogeneity of colorectal cancer progression: molecular gas and brakes |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8156342/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34063506 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22105246 |
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