Neuroprotective Potency of Tofu Bio-Processed Using Actinomucor elegans against Hypoxic Injury Induced by Cobalt Chloride in PC12 Cells

Fermented soybean products have attracted great attention due to their health benefits. In the present study, the hypoxia-injured PC12 cells induced by cobalt chloride (CoCl(2)) were used to evaluate the neuroprotective potency of tofu fermented by Actinomucor elegans (FT). Results indicated that FT exhibited higher phenolic content and antioxidant activity than tofu. Moreover, most soybean isoflavone glycosides were hydrolyzed into their corresponding aglycones during fermentation. FT demonstrated a significant protective effect on PC12 cells against hypoxic injury by maintaining cell viability, reducing lactic dehydrogenase leakage, and inhibiting oxidative stress. The cell apoptosis was significantly attenuated by the FT through down-regulation of caspase-3, caspases-8, caspase-9, and Bax, and up-regulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. S-phase cell arrest was significantly inhibited by the FT through increasing cyclin A and decreasing the p21 protein level. Furthermore, treatment with the FT activated autophagy, indicating that autophagy possibly acted as a survival mechanism against CoCl(2)-induced injury. Overall, FT offered a potential protective effect on nerve cells in vitro against hypoxic damage.