Photocatalytic Degradation of Ethiofencarb by a Visible Light-Driven SnIn(4)S(8) Photocatalyst

This work reports the preparation and detailed characterization of stannum indium sulfide (SnIn(4)S(8)) semiconductor photocatalyst for degradation of ethiofencarb (toxic insecticide) under visible-light irradiation. The as-prepared SnIn(4)S(8) showed catalytic efficiency of 98% in 24 h under optimal operating conditions (pH = 3, catalyst dosage of 0.5 g L(−1)). The photodegradation reaction followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The major intermediates have been identified using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. (•)O(2)(−) and (•)OH radicals appeared to be the primary active species in the degradation process as revealed by scavenger and electronic spin resonance studies, while photogenerated holes had a secondary role in this process. A plausible mechanism involving two routes was proposed for ethiofencarb degradation by SnIn(4)S(8) after identifying the major intermediate species: oxidative cleavage of the CH(2)-S and the amide bonds of the carbamate moiety. Lastly, SnIn(4)S(8) was found to be efficient, stable, and reusable in treating real water samples in three successive photodegradation experiments. This study demonstrates the prospect of SnIn(4)S(8) photocatalysis in treatment of natural and contaminated water from extremely toxic organic carbamates as ethiofencarb.