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Development of a 2-D Array Ultrasonic Transducer for 3-D Imaging of Objects Immersed in Water

Most works that address 2-D array ultrasonic transducers for underwater applications are about the geometry aspects of the array and beamforming techniques to make 3-D images. They look for techniques to reduce the number of elements from wide apertures, maintaining the side lobes and the grating lo...

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Autores principales: Patricio Rodrigues, Estevão, Francisco de Oliveira, Timoteo, Yassunori Matuda, Marcelo, Buiochi, Flávio
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8157294/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34069762
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21103501
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author Patricio Rodrigues, Estevão
Francisco de Oliveira, Timoteo
Yassunori Matuda, Marcelo
Buiochi, Flávio
author_facet Patricio Rodrigues, Estevão
Francisco de Oliveira, Timoteo
Yassunori Matuda, Marcelo
Buiochi, Flávio
author_sort Patricio Rodrigues, Estevão
collection PubMed
description Most works that address 2-D array ultrasonic transducers for underwater applications are about the geometry aspects of the array and beamforming techniques to make 3-D images. They look for techniques to reduce the number of elements from wide apertures, maintaining the side lobes and the grating lobes at acceptable levels, but not many details about the materials and fabrication processes are described. To overcome these gaps, this paper presents in detail the development of a 2-D array ultrasonic transducer prototype that can individually emit and receive ultrasonic pulses to make 3-D images of immersed reflectors within a volume of interest (VOI). It consists of a 4 × 4 matrix ultrasonic transducer with a central frequency of 480 kHz. Each element is a 5 mm sided square cut into a 1–3 piezocomposite. The center-to-center distance of two contiguous elements (pitch) was chosen to be greater than half wavelength, to increase the amplitude of emission and reception of signals with larger elements. Artifacts generated by grating lobes were avoided by restricting the field of view in the azimuth and elevation directions within 40° × 40° and applying the sign coherence factor (SCF) filter. Two types of backing layer materials were tested, one with air and another made of epoxy resin, on the transducers called T1 and T2, respectively. The pulse echoes measured with T1 had 2.6 dB higher amplitude than those measured with T2, and the bandwidths were 54% and 50% @ −6 dB, respectively, exciting the element with a single rectangular negative pulse. The 3-D images obtained with full matrix capture (FMC) data sets acquired of objects from 0.2 to 1.15 m motivate the development of a 2-D array transducer with more elements, to increase the angular resolution and the range.
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spelling pubmed-81572942021-05-28 Development of a 2-D Array Ultrasonic Transducer for 3-D Imaging of Objects Immersed in Water Patricio Rodrigues, Estevão Francisco de Oliveira, Timoteo Yassunori Matuda, Marcelo Buiochi, Flávio Sensors (Basel) Article Most works that address 2-D array ultrasonic transducers for underwater applications are about the geometry aspects of the array and beamforming techniques to make 3-D images. They look for techniques to reduce the number of elements from wide apertures, maintaining the side lobes and the grating lobes at acceptable levels, but not many details about the materials and fabrication processes are described. To overcome these gaps, this paper presents in detail the development of a 2-D array ultrasonic transducer prototype that can individually emit and receive ultrasonic pulses to make 3-D images of immersed reflectors within a volume of interest (VOI). It consists of a 4 × 4 matrix ultrasonic transducer with a central frequency of 480 kHz. Each element is a 5 mm sided square cut into a 1–3 piezocomposite. The center-to-center distance of two contiguous elements (pitch) was chosen to be greater than half wavelength, to increase the amplitude of emission and reception of signals with larger elements. Artifacts generated by grating lobes were avoided by restricting the field of view in the azimuth and elevation directions within 40° × 40° and applying the sign coherence factor (SCF) filter. Two types of backing layer materials were tested, one with air and another made of epoxy resin, on the transducers called T1 and T2, respectively. The pulse echoes measured with T1 had 2.6 dB higher amplitude than those measured with T2, and the bandwidths were 54% and 50% @ −6 dB, respectively, exciting the element with a single rectangular negative pulse. The 3-D images obtained with full matrix capture (FMC) data sets acquired of objects from 0.2 to 1.15 m motivate the development of a 2-D array transducer with more elements, to increase the angular resolution and the range. MDPI 2021-05-18 /pmc/articles/PMC8157294/ /pubmed/34069762 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21103501 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Patricio Rodrigues, Estevão
Francisco de Oliveira, Timoteo
Yassunori Matuda, Marcelo
Buiochi, Flávio
Development of a 2-D Array Ultrasonic Transducer for 3-D Imaging of Objects Immersed in Water
title Development of a 2-D Array Ultrasonic Transducer for 3-D Imaging of Objects Immersed in Water
title_full Development of a 2-D Array Ultrasonic Transducer for 3-D Imaging of Objects Immersed in Water
title_fullStr Development of a 2-D Array Ultrasonic Transducer for 3-D Imaging of Objects Immersed in Water
title_full_unstemmed Development of a 2-D Array Ultrasonic Transducer for 3-D Imaging of Objects Immersed in Water
title_short Development of a 2-D Array Ultrasonic Transducer for 3-D Imaging of Objects Immersed in Water
title_sort development of a 2-d array ultrasonic transducer for 3-d imaging of objects immersed in water
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8157294/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34069762
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21103501
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