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Maternal Microbiota, Early Life Colonization and Breast Milk Drive Immune Development in the Newborn

The innate immune system is the oldest protection strategy that is conserved across all organisms. Although having an unspecific action, it is the first and fastest defense mechanism against pathogens. Development of predominantly the adaptive immune system takes place after birth. However, some key...

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Autores principales: Kalbermatter, Cristina, Fernandez Trigo, Nerea, Christensen, Sandro, Ganal-Vonarburg, Stephanie C.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8158941/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34054875
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.683022
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author Kalbermatter, Cristina
Fernandez Trigo, Nerea
Christensen, Sandro
Ganal-Vonarburg, Stephanie C.
author_facet Kalbermatter, Cristina
Fernandez Trigo, Nerea
Christensen, Sandro
Ganal-Vonarburg, Stephanie C.
author_sort Kalbermatter, Cristina
collection PubMed
description The innate immune system is the oldest protection strategy that is conserved across all organisms. Although having an unspecific action, it is the first and fastest defense mechanism against pathogens. Development of predominantly the adaptive immune system takes place after birth. However, some key components of the innate immune system evolve during the prenatal period of life, which endows the newborn with the ability to mount an immune response against pathogenic invaders directly after birth. Undoubtedly, the crosstalk between maternal immune cells, antibodies, dietary antigens, and microbial metabolites originating from the maternal microbiota are the key players in preparing the neonate’s immunity to the outer world. Birth represents the biggest substantial environmental change in life, where the newborn leaves the protective amniotic sac and is exposed for the first time to a countless variety of microbes. Colonization of all body surfaces commences, including skin, lung, and gastrointestinal tract, leading to the establishment of the commensal microbiota and the maturation of the newborn immune system, and hence lifelong health. Pregnancy, birth, and the consumption of breast milk shape the immune development in coordination with maternal and newborn microbiota. Discrepancies in these fine-tuned microbiota interactions during each developmental stage can have long-term effects on disease susceptibility, such as metabolic syndrome, childhood asthma, or autoimmune type 1 diabetes. In this review, we will give an overview of the recent studies by discussing the multifaceted emergence of the newborn innate immune development in line with the importance of maternal and early life microbiota exposure and breast milk intake.
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spelling pubmed-81589412021-05-28 Maternal Microbiota, Early Life Colonization and Breast Milk Drive Immune Development in the Newborn Kalbermatter, Cristina Fernandez Trigo, Nerea Christensen, Sandro Ganal-Vonarburg, Stephanie C. Front Immunol Immunology The innate immune system is the oldest protection strategy that is conserved across all organisms. Although having an unspecific action, it is the first and fastest defense mechanism against pathogens. Development of predominantly the adaptive immune system takes place after birth. However, some key components of the innate immune system evolve during the prenatal period of life, which endows the newborn with the ability to mount an immune response against pathogenic invaders directly after birth. Undoubtedly, the crosstalk between maternal immune cells, antibodies, dietary antigens, and microbial metabolites originating from the maternal microbiota are the key players in preparing the neonate’s immunity to the outer world. Birth represents the biggest substantial environmental change in life, where the newborn leaves the protective amniotic sac and is exposed for the first time to a countless variety of microbes. Colonization of all body surfaces commences, including skin, lung, and gastrointestinal tract, leading to the establishment of the commensal microbiota and the maturation of the newborn immune system, and hence lifelong health. Pregnancy, birth, and the consumption of breast milk shape the immune development in coordination with maternal and newborn microbiota. Discrepancies in these fine-tuned microbiota interactions during each developmental stage can have long-term effects on disease susceptibility, such as metabolic syndrome, childhood asthma, or autoimmune type 1 diabetes. In this review, we will give an overview of the recent studies by discussing the multifaceted emergence of the newborn innate immune development in line with the importance of maternal and early life microbiota exposure and breast milk intake. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-05-13 /pmc/articles/PMC8158941/ /pubmed/34054875 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.683022 Text en Copyright © 2021 Kalbermatter, Fernandez Trigo, Christensen and Ganal-Vonarburg https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Immunology
Kalbermatter, Cristina
Fernandez Trigo, Nerea
Christensen, Sandro
Ganal-Vonarburg, Stephanie C.
Maternal Microbiota, Early Life Colonization and Breast Milk Drive Immune Development in the Newborn
title Maternal Microbiota, Early Life Colonization and Breast Milk Drive Immune Development in the Newborn
title_full Maternal Microbiota, Early Life Colonization and Breast Milk Drive Immune Development in the Newborn
title_fullStr Maternal Microbiota, Early Life Colonization and Breast Milk Drive Immune Development in the Newborn
title_full_unstemmed Maternal Microbiota, Early Life Colonization and Breast Milk Drive Immune Development in the Newborn
title_short Maternal Microbiota, Early Life Colonization and Breast Milk Drive Immune Development in the Newborn
title_sort maternal microbiota, early life colonization and breast milk drive immune development in the newborn
topic Immunology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8158941/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34054875
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.683022
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