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Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Effects of Carbohydrate Ingestion During Exercise
The purpose of this current opinion paper is to describe the journey of ingested carbohydrate from ‘mouth to mitochondria’ culminating in energy production in skeletal muscles during exercise. This journey is conveniently described as primary, secondary, and tertiary events. The primary stage is det...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Springer International Publishing
2020
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8159838/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32936440 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01343-3 |
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author | Rollo, Ian Gonzalez, Javier T. Fuchs, Cas J. van Loon, Luc J. C. Williams, Clyde |
author_facet | Rollo, Ian Gonzalez, Javier T. Fuchs, Cas J. van Loon, Luc J. C. Williams, Clyde |
author_sort | Rollo, Ian |
collection | PubMed |
description | The purpose of this current opinion paper is to describe the journey of ingested carbohydrate from ‘mouth to mitochondria’ culminating in energy production in skeletal muscles during exercise. This journey is conveniently described as primary, secondary, and tertiary events. The primary stage is detection of ingested carbohydrate by receptors in the oral cavity and on the tongue that activate reward and other centers in the brain leading to insulin secretion. After digestion, the secondary stage is the transport of monosaccharides from the small intestine into the systemic circulation. The passage of these monosaccharides is facilitated by the presence of various transport proteins. The intestinal mucosa has carbohydrate sensors that stimulate the release of two ‘incretin’ hormones (GIP and GLP-1) whose actions range from the secretion of insulin to appetite regulation. Most of the ingested carbohydrate is taken up by the liver resulting in a transient inhibition of hepatic glucose release in a dose-dependent manner. Nonetheless, the subsequent increased hepatic glucose (and lactate) output can increase exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates by 40–50%. The recognition and successful distribution of carbohydrate to the brain and skeletal muscles to maintain carbohydrate oxidation as well as prevent hypoglycaemia underpins the mechanisms to improve exercise performance. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8159838 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | Springer International Publishing |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-81598382021-06-17 Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Effects of Carbohydrate Ingestion During Exercise Rollo, Ian Gonzalez, Javier T. Fuchs, Cas J. van Loon, Luc J. C. Williams, Clyde Sports Med Current Opinion The purpose of this current opinion paper is to describe the journey of ingested carbohydrate from ‘mouth to mitochondria’ culminating in energy production in skeletal muscles during exercise. This journey is conveniently described as primary, secondary, and tertiary events. The primary stage is detection of ingested carbohydrate by receptors in the oral cavity and on the tongue that activate reward and other centers in the brain leading to insulin secretion. After digestion, the secondary stage is the transport of monosaccharides from the small intestine into the systemic circulation. The passage of these monosaccharides is facilitated by the presence of various transport proteins. The intestinal mucosa has carbohydrate sensors that stimulate the release of two ‘incretin’ hormones (GIP and GLP-1) whose actions range from the secretion of insulin to appetite regulation. Most of the ingested carbohydrate is taken up by the liver resulting in a transient inhibition of hepatic glucose release in a dose-dependent manner. Nonetheless, the subsequent increased hepatic glucose (and lactate) output can increase exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates by 40–50%. The recognition and successful distribution of carbohydrate to the brain and skeletal muscles to maintain carbohydrate oxidation as well as prevent hypoglycaemia underpins the mechanisms to improve exercise performance. Springer International Publishing 2020-09-16 2020 /pmc/articles/PMC8159838/ /pubmed/32936440 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01343-3 Text en © The Author(s) 2021, corrected publication 2021 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . |
spellingShingle | Current Opinion Rollo, Ian Gonzalez, Javier T. Fuchs, Cas J. van Loon, Luc J. C. Williams, Clyde Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Effects of Carbohydrate Ingestion During Exercise |
title | Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Effects of Carbohydrate Ingestion During Exercise |
title_full | Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Effects of Carbohydrate Ingestion During Exercise |
title_fullStr | Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Effects of Carbohydrate Ingestion During Exercise |
title_full_unstemmed | Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Effects of Carbohydrate Ingestion During Exercise |
title_short | Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Effects of Carbohydrate Ingestion During Exercise |
title_sort | primary, secondary, and tertiary effects of carbohydrate ingestion during exercise |
topic | Current Opinion |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8159838/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32936440 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01343-3 |
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