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Morphometric Analysis of Coptotermes spp. Soldier Caste (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) in Indonesia and Evidence of Coptotermes gestroi Extreme Head-Capsule Shapes

SIMPLE SUMMARY: The morphological characteristics of the soldier caste in termites provide valuable taxonomic information at the species level. Head-shape variation in soldiers was often used as an indicative characteristic in some genera. While species with egg-shaped and waterdrop-shaped head caps...

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Autores principales: Wikantyoso, Bramantyo, Tseng, Shu-Ping, Himmi, Setiawan Khoirul, Yusuf, Sulaeman, Yoshimura, Tsuyoshi
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8160883/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34065535
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12050477
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author Wikantyoso, Bramantyo
Tseng, Shu-Ping
Himmi, Setiawan Khoirul
Yusuf, Sulaeman
Yoshimura, Tsuyoshi
author_facet Wikantyoso, Bramantyo
Tseng, Shu-Ping
Himmi, Setiawan Khoirul
Yusuf, Sulaeman
Yoshimura, Tsuyoshi
author_sort Wikantyoso, Bramantyo
collection PubMed
description SIMPLE SUMMARY: The morphological characteristics of the soldier caste in termites provide valuable taxonomic information at the species level. Head-shape variation in soldiers was often used as an indicative characteristic in some genera. While species with egg-shaped and waterdrop-shaped head capsule (HC), Coptotermes gestroi and C. curvignathus, respectively, are familiar in Indonesia, neither a measurement nor head index may avoid the subjectivity of shape interpretation. We conducted linear and geometric morphometrics analyses of soldiers’ HC of Coptotermes spp. obtained from various locations in Indonesia. Although subtle differences were observed, the posterior parts of the HC laterally expanded in a gradual manner in C. gestroi, C. sepangensis, and C. curvignathus in that order. Furthermore, three extreme head-shape variations of C. gestroi were found to exist in nature. Overall, we explicitly vocalized the complexity of utilizing HC morphometric measurement and shape for species determination in Coptotermes spp. ABSTRACT: Linear and geometric morphometrics approaches were conducted to analyze the head capsule (HC) shape of collected soldier caste specimens of Coptotermes from various locations in Indonesia. The soldiers’ morphology was observed and measured. The results of the principal component analysis of the group of all species showed two important groups of variables, i.e., the body size and setae characteristics of the pronotum and head. The multicollinearity of the morphometric variables showed the importance of body measurements as well as important alternative characteristics such as the pronotum setae (PrS) and HC setae. Four trends of HC shape were observed across the species. Interestingly, three extreme shapes were depicted by geometric morphometrics of the C. gestroi HC. The phylogenetic tree inferred from 12S and 16S mitochondrial gene fragments showed high confidence for C. gestroi populations. The lateral expansion of the posterior part of the HC across the species was in accordance with the increasing of the number of hairlike setae on the pronotum and HC. These differences among species might be associated with mandible-force-related defensive labor and sensitivity to environmental stressors.
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spelling pubmed-81608832021-05-29 Morphometric Analysis of Coptotermes spp. Soldier Caste (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) in Indonesia and Evidence of Coptotermes gestroi Extreme Head-Capsule Shapes Wikantyoso, Bramantyo Tseng, Shu-Ping Himmi, Setiawan Khoirul Yusuf, Sulaeman Yoshimura, Tsuyoshi Insects Article SIMPLE SUMMARY: The morphological characteristics of the soldier caste in termites provide valuable taxonomic information at the species level. Head-shape variation in soldiers was often used as an indicative characteristic in some genera. While species with egg-shaped and waterdrop-shaped head capsule (HC), Coptotermes gestroi and C. curvignathus, respectively, are familiar in Indonesia, neither a measurement nor head index may avoid the subjectivity of shape interpretation. We conducted linear and geometric morphometrics analyses of soldiers’ HC of Coptotermes spp. obtained from various locations in Indonesia. Although subtle differences were observed, the posterior parts of the HC laterally expanded in a gradual manner in C. gestroi, C. sepangensis, and C. curvignathus in that order. Furthermore, three extreme head-shape variations of C. gestroi were found to exist in nature. Overall, we explicitly vocalized the complexity of utilizing HC morphometric measurement and shape for species determination in Coptotermes spp. ABSTRACT: Linear and geometric morphometrics approaches were conducted to analyze the head capsule (HC) shape of collected soldier caste specimens of Coptotermes from various locations in Indonesia. The soldiers’ morphology was observed and measured. The results of the principal component analysis of the group of all species showed two important groups of variables, i.e., the body size and setae characteristics of the pronotum and head. The multicollinearity of the morphometric variables showed the importance of body measurements as well as important alternative characteristics such as the pronotum setae (PrS) and HC setae. Four trends of HC shape were observed across the species. Interestingly, three extreme shapes were depicted by geometric morphometrics of the C. gestroi HC. The phylogenetic tree inferred from 12S and 16S mitochondrial gene fragments showed high confidence for C. gestroi populations. The lateral expansion of the posterior part of the HC across the species was in accordance with the increasing of the number of hairlike setae on the pronotum and HC. These differences among species might be associated with mandible-force-related defensive labor and sensitivity to environmental stressors. MDPI 2021-05-20 /pmc/articles/PMC8160883/ /pubmed/34065535 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12050477 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Wikantyoso, Bramantyo
Tseng, Shu-Ping
Himmi, Setiawan Khoirul
Yusuf, Sulaeman
Yoshimura, Tsuyoshi
Morphometric Analysis of Coptotermes spp. Soldier Caste (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) in Indonesia and Evidence of Coptotermes gestroi Extreme Head-Capsule Shapes
title Morphometric Analysis of Coptotermes spp. Soldier Caste (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) in Indonesia and Evidence of Coptotermes gestroi Extreme Head-Capsule Shapes
title_full Morphometric Analysis of Coptotermes spp. Soldier Caste (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) in Indonesia and Evidence of Coptotermes gestroi Extreme Head-Capsule Shapes
title_fullStr Morphometric Analysis of Coptotermes spp. Soldier Caste (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) in Indonesia and Evidence of Coptotermes gestroi Extreme Head-Capsule Shapes
title_full_unstemmed Morphometric Analysis of Coptotermes spp. Soldier Caste (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) in Indonesia and Evidence of Coptotermes gestroi Extreme Head-Capsule Shapes
title_short Morphometric Analysis of Coptotermes spp. Soldier Caste (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) in Indonesia and Evidence of Coptotermes gestroi Extreme Head-Capsule Shapes
title_sort morphometric analysis of coptotermes spp. soldier caste (blattodea: rhinotermitidae) in indonesia and evidence of coptotermes gestroi extreme head-capsule shapes
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8160883/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34065535
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12050477
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