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Rethinking of the Roles of Endophyte Symbiosis and Mycotoxin in Oxytropis Plants
Plants in the Oxytropis genus can live with the endophytic fungi Alternaria sect. Undifilum. Swainsonine, the mycotoxin produced by the endophyte render the host plant toxic and this has been detrimental to grazing livestock in both China and U.S.A. Despite previous efforts, many questions remain to...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8160975/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34065540 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7050400 |
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author | Guan, Huirui Liu, Xin Mur, Luis A. J. Fu, Yanping Wei, Yahui Wang, Jing He, Wei |
author_facet | Guan, Huirui Liu, Xin Mur, Luis A. J. Fu, Yanping Wei, Yahui Wang, Jing He, Wei |
author_sort | Guan, Huirui |
collection | PubMed |
description | Plants in the Oxytropis genus can live with the endophytic fungi Alternaria sect. Undifilum. Swainsonine, the mycotoxin produced by the endophyte render the host plant toxic and this has been detrimental to grazing livestock in both China and U.S.A. Despite previous efforts, many questions remain to be solved, such as the transmission mode and life cycle of host–endophyte symbiont, the biosynthesis pathway of swainsonine, and in particular the ecological role and evolution of such symbiosis. In this review, we compile the literature to synthesize ideas on the diversity of the symbiosis and propagation of the endophyte. We further compare the previous work from both Alternaria sect. Undifilum and other swainsonine producing fungi to orchestrate a more comprehensive biosynthesis pathway of swainsonine. We also connect swainsonine biosynthesis pathway with that of its precursor, lysine, and link this to a potential role in modulating plant stress response. Based on this we hypothesize that this host–endophyte co-evolution originated from the needs for host plant to adapt for stress. Validation of this hypothesis will depend on future research on endophytic symbiosis in Oxytropis and help in better understanding the roles of plant–endophyte symbiosis in non-Poaceae species. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8160975 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-81609752021-05-29 Rethinking of the Roles of Endophyte Symbiosis and Mycotoxin in Oxytropis Plants Guan, Huirui Liu, Xin Mur, Luis A. J. Fu, Yanping Wei, Yahui Wang, Jing He, Wei J Fungi (Basel) Review Plants in the Oxytropis genus can live with the endophytic fungi Alternaria sect. Undifilum. Swainsonine, the mycotoxin produced by the endophyte render the host plant toxic and this has been detrimental to grazing livestock in both China and U.S.A. Despite previous efforts, many questions remain to be solved, such as the transmission mode and life cycle of host–endophyte symbiont, the biosynthesis pathway of swainsonine, and in particular the ecological role and evolution of such symbiosis. In this review, we compile the literature to synthesize ideas on the diversity of the symbiosis and propagation of the endophyte. We further compare the previous work from both Alternaria sect. Undifilum and other swainsonine producing fungi to orchestrate a more comprehensive biosynthesis pathway of swainsonine. We also connect swainsonine biosynthesis pathway with that of its precursor, lysine, and link this to a potential role in modulating plant stress response. Based on this we hypothesize that this host–endophyte co-evolution originated from the needs for host plant to adapt for stress. Validation of this hypothesis will depend on future research on endophytic symbiosis in Oxytropis and help in better understanding the roles of plant–endophyte symbiosis in non-Poaceae species. MDPI 2021-05-20 /pmc/articles/PMC8160975/ /pubmed/34065540 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7050400 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Guan, Huirui Liu, Xin Mur, Luis A. J. Fu, Yanping Wei, Yahui Wang, Jing He, Wei Rethinking of the Roles of Endophyte Symbiosis and Mycotoxin in Oxytropis Plants |
title | Rethinking of the Roles of Endophyte Symbiosis and Mycotoxin in Oxytropis Plants |
title_full | Rethinking of the Roles of Endophyte Symbiosis and Mycotoxin in Oxytropis Plants |
title_fullStr | Rethinking of the Roles of Endophyte Symbiosis and Mycotoxin in Oxytropis Plants |
title_full_unstemmed | Rethinking of the Roles of Endophyte Symbiosis and Mycotoxin in Oxytropis Plants |
title_short | Rethinking of the Roles of Endophyte Symbiosis and Mycotoxin in Oxytropis Plants |
title_sort | rethinking of the roles of endophyte symbiosis and mycotoxin in oxytropis plants |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8160975/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34065540 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7050400 |
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