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How prevalent are symptoms and risk factors of pelvic inflammatory disease in a sexually conservative population
BACKGROUND: Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is the inflammation of the adnexa of the uterus, that mainly manifests in a subclinical/chronic context and goes largely underreported. However, it poses a major threat to women’s health, as it is responsible for infertility and ectopic pregnancies, as w...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
BioMed Central
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8161938/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34049572 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12978-021-01155-2 |
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author | Al-kuran, Oqba Al-Mehaisen, Lama Alduraidi, Hamza Al-Husban, Naser Attarakih, Balqees Sultan, Anas Othman, Zeina AlShárat, Sanal AlHilali, Shoug Alkouz, Nadia Alibrahim, Noura AlMusallam, Wafaa |
author_facet | Al-kuran, Oqba Al-Mehaisen, Lama Alduraidi, Hamza Al-Husban, Naser Attarakih, Balqees Sultan, Anas Othman, Zeina AlShárat, Sanal AlHilali, Shoug Alkouz, Nadia Alibrahim, Noura AlMusallam, Wafaa |
author_sort | Al-kuran, Oqba |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is the inflammation of the adnexa of the uterus, that mainly manifests in a subclinical/chronic context and goes largely underreported. However, it poses a major threat to women’s health, as it is responsible for infertility and ectopic pregnancies, as well as chronic pelvic pain. Previous studies in Jordan have not reported PID, attributed mainly to the social structure of the country which largely represents a sexually conservative population. Our study aims to report the clinical symptoms that point towards PID and investigate the major risk determinants for the Jordanian population, in a cross-sectional study, using our scoring system based only on clinical data and examination. METHODS: One hundred sixty-eight consecutive adult women that came in the Outpatient Clinics of Gynaecological Department of the Jordan University Hospital were interviewed and their medical history and symptoms were registered and analysed. A Score for PID symptoms, we developed, was given to each woman. Results and correlations were then statistically tested. RESULTS: Our study population consisted of relatively young women (37.7 ± 11) that had their first child at an average age of 24.1 (± 4.8) and a mean parity of 3.1 (± 2.2). Fifty-eight women (34.5%) reported having undergone at least one CS, while the mean PID Symptom Score was 3.3 (± 2.3). The women in our study exhibited 8 symptoms of PID, namely dysmenorrhea and vaginal discharge; being the commonest (45.2% and 44.6% respectively), in addition to chronic pelvic pain, pelvic heaviness, menorrhagia, dyspareunia, urinary symptoms, and smelly urine. They also reported history of 3 conditions that can be attributed to PID, that is infertility, preterm labour, and miscarriages. CONCLUSIONS: Our PID Scoring System seems to identify the risk factors of PID and predict well the PID likelihood. This score predicts that women with higher parity, who used contraceptives and underwent any invasive medical procedure are expected to score higher in the PID Symptom Score. Our data also suggest that PID should not be ruled out in the Jordanian population when symptoms are compatible to this diagnosis. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8161938 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-81619382021-06-01 How prevalent are symptoms and risk factors of pelvic inflammatory disease in a sexually conservative population Al-kuran, Oqba Al-Mehaisen, Lama Alduraidi, Hamza Al-Husban, Naser Attarakih, Balqees Sultan, Anas Othman, Zeina AlShárat, Sanal AlHilali, Shoug Alkouz, Nadia Alibrahim, Noura AlMusallam, Wafaa Reprod Health Research BACKGROUND: Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is the inflammation of the adnexa of the uterus, that mainly manifests in a subclinical/chronic context and goes largely underreported. However, it poses a major threat to women’s health, as it is responsible for infertility and ectopic pregnancies, as well as chronic pelvic pain. Previous studies in Jordan have not reported PID, attributed mainly to the social structure of the country which largely represents a sexually conservative population. Our study aims to report the clinical symptoms that point towards PID and investigate the major risk determinants for the Jordanian population, in a cross-sectional study, using our scoring system based only on clinical data and examination. METHODS: One hundred sixty-eight consecutive adult women that came in the Outpatient Clinics of Gynaecological Department of the Jordan University Hospital were interviewed and their medical history and symptoms were registered and analysed. A Score for PID symptoms, we developed, was given to each woman. Results and correlations were then statistically tested. RESULTS: Our study population consisted of relatively young women (37.7 ± 11) that had their first child at an average age of 24.1 (± 4.8) and a mean parity of 3.1 (± 2.2). Fifty-eight women (34.5%) reported having undergone at least one CS, while the mean PID Symptom Score was 3.3 (± 2.3). The women in our study exhibited 8 symptoms of PID, namely dysmenorrhea and vaginal discharge; being the commonest (45.2% and 44.6% respectively), in addition to chronic pelvic pain, pelvic heaviness, menorrhagia, dyspareunia, urinary symptoms, and smelly urine. They also reported history of 3 conditions that can be attributed to PID, that is infertility, preterm labour, and miscarriages. CONCLUSIONS: Our PID Scoring System seems to identify the risk factors of PID and predict well the PID likelihood. This score predicts that women with higher parity, who used contraceptives and underwent any invasive medical procedure are expected to score higher in the PID Symptom Score. Our data also suggest that PID should not be ruled out in the Jordanian population when symptoms are compatible to this diagnosis. BioMed Central 2021-05-28 /pmc/articles/PMC8161938/ /pubmed/34049572 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12978-021-01155-2 Text en © The Author(s) 2021 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. |
spellingShingle | Research Al-kuran, Oqba Al-Mehaisen, Lama Alduraidi, Hamza Al-Husban, Naser Attarakih, Balqees Sultan, Anas Othman, Zeina AlShárat, Sanal AlHilali, Shoug Alkouz, Nadia Alibrahim, Noura AlMusallam, Wafaa How prevalent are symptoms and risk factors of pelvic inflammatory disease in a sexually conservative population |
title | How prevalent are symptoms and risk factors of pelvic inflammatory disease in a sexually conservative population |
title_full | How prevalent are symptoms and risk factors of pelvic inflammatory disease in a sexually conservative population |
title_fullStr | How prevalent are symptoms and risk factors of pelvic inflammatory disease in a sexually conservative population |
title_full_unstemmed | How prevalent are symptoms and risk factors of pelvic inflammatory disease in a sexually conservative population |
title_short | How prevalent are symptoms and risk factors of pelvic inflammatory disease in a sexually conservative population |
title_sort | how prevalent are symptoms and risk factors of pelvic inflammatory disease in a sexually conservative population |
topic | Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8161938/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34049572 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12978-021-01155-2 |
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