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Multivariate visualization of the global COVID-19 pandemic: A comparison of 161 countries

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to visualize the global spread of the COVID-19 pandemic over the first 90 days, through the principal component analysis approach of dimensionality reduction. METHODS: This study used data from the Global COVID-19 Index provided by PEMANDU Associates. The sample,...

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Autores principales: Teh, Jane K. L., Bradley, David A., Chook, Jack Bee, Lai, Kee Huong, Ang, Woo Teck, Teo, Kok Lay, Peh, Suat-Cheng
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Public Library of Science 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8162616/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34048477
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252273
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author Teh, Jane K. L.
Bradley, David A.
Chook, Jack Bee
Lai, Kee Huong
Ang, Woo Teck
Teo, Kok Lay
Peh, Suat-Cheng
author_facet Teh, Jane K. L.
Bradley, David A.
Chook, Jack Bee
Lai, Kee Huong
Ang, Woo Teck
Teo, Kok Lay
Peh, Suat-Cheng
author_sort Teh, Jane K. L.
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to visualize the global spread of the COVID-19 pandemic over the first 90 days, through the principal component analysis approach of dimensionality reduction. METHODS: This study used data from the Global COVID-19 Index provided by PEMANDU Associates. The sample, representing 161 countries, comprised the number of confirmed cases, deaths, stringency indices, population density and GNI per capita (USD). Correlation matrices were computed to reveal the association between the variables at three time points: day-30, day-60 and day-90. Three separate principal component analyses were computed for similar time points, and several standardized plots were produced. RESULTS: Confirmed cases and deaths due to COVID-19 showed positive but weak correlation with stringency and GNI per capita. Through principal component analysis, the first two principal components captured close to 70% of the variance of the data. The first component can be viewed as the severity of the COVID-19 surge in countries, whereas the second component largely corresponded to population density, followed by GNI per capita of countries. Multivariate visualization of the two dominating principal components provided a standardized comparison of the situation in the161 countries, performed on day-30, day-60 and day-90 since the first confirmed cases in countries worldwide. CONCLUSION: Visualization of the global spread of COVID-19 showed the unequal severity of the pandemic across continents and over time. Distinct patterns in clusters of countries, which separated many European countries from those in Africa, suggested a contrast in terms of stringency measures and wealth of a country. The African continent appeared to fare better in terms of the COVID-19 pandemic and the burden of mortality in the first 90 days. A noticeable worsening trend was observed in several countries in the same relative time frame of the disease’s first 90 days, especially in the United States of America.
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spelling pubmed-81626162021-06-10 Multivariate visualization of the global COVID-19 pandemic: A comparison of 161 countries Teh, Jane K. L. Bradley, David A. Chook, Jack Bee Lai, Kee Huong Ang, Woo Teck Teo, Kok Lay Peh, Suat-Cheng PLoS One Research Article BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to visualize the global spread of the COVID-19 pandemic over the first 90 days, through the principal component analysis approach of dimensionality reduction. METHODS: This study used data from the Global COVID-19 Index provided by PEMANDU Associates. The sample, representing 161 countries, comprised the number of confirmed cases, deaths, stringency indices, population density and GNI per capita (USD). Correlation matrices were computed to reveal the association between the variables at three time points: day-30, day-60 and day-90. Three separate principal component analyses were computed for similar time points, and several standardized plots were produced. RESULTS: Confirmed cases and deaths due to COVID-19 showed positive but weak correlation with stringency and GNI per capita. Through principal component analysis, the first two principal components captured close to 70% of the variance of the data. The first component can be viewed as the severity of the COVID-19 surge in countries, whereas the second component largely corresponded to population density, followed by GNI per capita of countries. Multivariate visualization of the two dominating principal components provided a standardized comparison of the situation in the161 countries, performed on day-30, day-60 and day-90 since the first confirmed cases in countries worldwide. CONCLUSION: Visualization of the global spread of COVID-19 showed the unequal severity of the pandemic across continents and over time. Distinct patterns in clusters of countries, which separated many European countries from those in Africa, suggested a contrast in terms of stringency measures and wealth of a country. The African continent appeared to fare better in terms of the COVID-19 pandemic and the burden of mortality in the first 90 days. A noticeable worsening trend was observed in several countries in the same relative time frame of the disease’s first 90 days, especially in the United States of America. Public Library of Science 2021-05-28 /pmc/articles/PMC8162616/ /pubmed/34048477 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252273 Text en © 2021 Teh et al https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
spellingShingle Research Article
Teh, Jane K. L.
Bradley, David A.
Chook, Jack Bee
Lai, Kee Huong
Ang, Woo Teck
Teo, Kok Lay
Peh, Suat-Cheng
Multivariate visualization of the global COVID-19 pandemic: A comparison of 161 countries
title Multivariate visualization of the global COVID-19 pandemic: A comparison of 161 countries
title_full Multivariate visualization of the global COVID-19 pandemic: A comparison of 161 countries
title_fullStr Multivariate visualization of the global COVID-19 pandemic: A comparison of 161 countries
title_full_unstemmed Multivariate visualization of the global COVID-19 pandemic: A comparison of 161 countries
title_short Multivariate visualization of the global COVID-19 pandemic: A comparison of 161 countries
title_sort multivariate visualization of the global covid-19 pandemic: a comparison of 161 countries
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8162616/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34048477
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252273
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