Enhancing the photodynamic therapy efficacy of black phosphorus nanosheets by covalently grafting fullerene C(60)

Few-layer black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets show potential application in biomedicine such as photodynamic therapy (PDT), and are therefore commonly used in anticancer therapy and nanomedicine due to being relatively less invasive. However, they suffer from low ambient stability and poor therapeutic efficacy. Herein, C(60) was covalently grafted onto the edges of BP nanosheets, and the resultant BP-C(60) hybrid was applied as a novel endocytosing photosensitizer, resulting in not only significantly enhanced PDT efficacy relative to that of the pristine BP nanosheets, but also drastically improved stability in a physiological environment, as confirmed by both in vitro and in vivo studies. Such improved stability was due to shielding effect of the stable hydrophobic C(60) molecules. The enhanced PDT efficacy is interpreted from the photoinduced electron transfer from BP to C(60), leading to the promoted generation of ˙OH radicals, acting as a reactive oxygen species (ROS) that is effective in killing tumor cells. Furthermore, the BP-C(60) hybrid exhibited low systemic toxicity in the major organs of mice. The BP-C(60) hybrid represents the first BP-fullerene hybrid nanomaterial fulfilling promoted ROS generation and consequently enhanced PDT efficacy.