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The cancer‐associated fibroblasts related gene CALD1 is a prognostic biomarker and correlated with immune infiltration in bladder cancer
BACKGROUND: Stromal components of the tumor microenvironment contribute to bladder cancer progression, and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs) were reported to play an important role. Accumulating pieces of evidence indicate that CAFs participate in the crosstalk with tumor cells and have a complex...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
BioMed Central
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8164301/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34051818 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12935-021-01896-x |
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author | Du, YiHeng Jiang, Xiang Wang, Bo Cao, Jin Wang, Yi Yu, Jiang Wang, XiZhi Liu, HaiTao |
author_facet | Du, YiHeng Jiang, Xiang Wang, Bo Cao, Jin Wang, Yi Yu, Jiang Wang, XiZhi Liu, HaiTao |
author_sort | Du, YiHeng |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Stromal components of the tumor microenvironment contribute to bladder cancer progression, and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs) were reported to play an important role. Accumulating pieces of evidence indicate that CAFs participate in the crosstalk with tumor cells and have a complex interaction network with immune components. Further studies on the role of CAFs in the bladder cancer microenvironment and searching for possible specific markers are important for a deeper understanding of CAFs in bladder cancer progression and immunomodulation. METHODS: In the present study, we examined the abundance of CAFs in the TCGA and GEO datasets using the MCP-COUNTER algorithm. Additionally, the expression of genes related to CAFs was analyzed through the Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA). The CIBERSORT and ESTIMATE algorithms were used to discuss the correlation of the key CAFs-related gene and the tumor microenvironment components. Immunohistochemistry analysis in clinical samples was used to validate the results of bioinformatics analysis. RESULTS: The results showed that CAFs were closely associated with the progression and prognosis of bladder cancer. WGCNA also revealed that CALD1 was a key CAFs-related gene in bladder cancer. Moreover, further in-depth analysis showed that CALD1 significantly affected the progression and prognosis of bladder cancer. The CIBERSORT and ESTIMATE algorithms demonstrated significant correlations between CALD1 and the tumor microenvironment components, including CAFs, macrophages, T cells, and multiple immune checkpoint related genes. Finally, immunohistochemistry results validated the strong association of CALD1 with CAFs and macrophages. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, we confirmed the cancer-promoting roles of CAFs in bladder cancer. Being a key gene associated with CAFs, CALD1 may promote bladder cancer progression by remodeling the tumor microenvironment. The bioinformatics methods, including the CIBERSORT, MCP-COUNTER and ESTIMATE algorithms, may provide important value for studying the tumor microenvironment. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8164301 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-81643012021-06-01 The cancer‐associated fibroblasts related gene CALD1 is a prognostic biomarker and correlated with immune infiltration in bladder cancer Du, YiHeng Jiang, Xiang Wang, Bo Cao, Jin Wang, Yi Yu, Jiang Wang, XiZhi Liu, HaiTao Cancer Cell Int Primary Research BACKGROUND: Stromal components of the tumor microenvironment contribute to bladder cancer progression, and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs) were reported to play an important role. Accumulating pieces of evidence indicate that CAFs participate in the crosstalk with tumor cells and have a complex interaction network with immune components. Further studies on the role of CAFs in the bladder cancer microenvironment and searching for possible specific markers are important for a deeper understanding of CAFs in bladder cancer progression and immunomodulation. METHODS: In the present study, we examined the abundance of CAFs in the TCGA and GEO datasets using the MCP-COUNTER algorithm. Additionally, the expression of genes related to CAFs was analyzed through the Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA). The CIBERSORT and ESTIMATE algorithms were used to discuss the correlation of the key CAFs-related gene and the tumor microenvironment components. Immunohistochemistry analysis in clinical samples was used to validate the results of bioinformatics analysis. RESULTS: The results showed that CAFs were closely associated with the progression and prognosis of bladder cancer. WGCNA also revealed that CALD1 was a key CAFs-related gene in bladder cancer. Moreover, further in-depth analysis showed that CALD1 significantly affected the progression and prognosis of bladder cancer. The CIBERSORT and ESTIMATE algorithms demonstrated significant correlations between CALD1 and the tumor microenvironment components, including CAFs, macrophages, T cells, and multiple immune checkpoint related genes. Finally, immunohistochemistry results validated the strong association of CALD1 with CAFs and macrophages. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, we confirmed the cancer-promoting roles of CAFs in bladder cancer. Being a key gene associated with CAFs, CALD1 may promote bladder cancer progression by remodeling the tumor microenvironment. The bioinformatics methods, including the CIBERSORT, MCP-COUNTER and ESTIMATE algorithms, may provide important value for studying the tumor microenvironment. BioMed Central 2021-05-29 /pmc/articles/PMC8164301/ /pubmed/34051818 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12935-021-01896-x Text en © The Author(s) 2021 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. |
spellingShingle | Primary Research Du, YiHeng Jiang, Xiang Wang, Bo Cao, Jin Wang, Yi Yu, Jiang Wang, XiZhi Liu, HaiTao The cancer‐associated fibroblasts related gene CALD1 is a prognostic biomarker and correlated with immune infiltration in bladder cancer |
title | The cancer‐associated fibroblasts related gene CALD1 is a prognostic biomarker and correlated with immune infiltration in bladder cancer |
title_full | The cancer‐associated fibroblasts related gene CALD1 is a prognostic biomarker and correlated with immune infiltration in bladder cancer |
title_fullStr | The cancer‐associated fibroblasts related gene CALD1 is a prognostic biomarker and correlated with immune infiltration in bladder cancer |
title_full_unstemmed | The cancer‐associated fibroblasts related gene CALD1 is a prognostic biomarker and correlated with immune infiltration in bladder cancer |
title_short | The cancer‐associated fibroblasts related gene CALD1 is a prognostic biomarker and correlated with immune infiltration in bladder cancer |
title_sort | cancer‐associated fibroblasts related gene cald1 is a prognostic biomarker and correlated with immune infiltration in bladder cancer |
topic | Primary Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8164301/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34051818 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12935-021-01896-x |
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