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Roughness of retinal layers in Alzheimer’s disease
There is growing evidence that thinned retinal regions are interspersed with thickened regions in all retinal layers of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), causing roughness to appear on layer thickness maps. The hypothesis is that roughness of retinal layers, assessed by the fractal dimension (...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Nature Publishing Group UK
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8175587/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34083574 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91097-3 |
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author | Jáñez-García, Lucía Bachtoula, Omar Salobrar-García, Elena de Hoz, Rosa Ramirez, Ana I. Gil, Pedro Ramirez, José M. Jáñez-Escalada, Luis |
author_facet | Jáñez-García, Lucía Bachtoula, Omar Salobrar-García, Elena de Hoz, Rosa Ramirez, Ana I. Gil, Pedro Ramirez, José M. Jáñez-Escalada, Luis |
author_sort | Jáñez-García, Lucía |
collection | PubMed |
description | There is growing evidence that thinned retinal regions are interspersed with thickened regions in all retinal layers of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), causing roughness to appear on layer thickness maps. The hypothesis is that roughness of retinal layers, assessed by the fractal dimension (FD) of their thickness maps, is an early biomarker of AD. Ten retinal layers have been studied in macular volumes of optical coherence tomography from 24 healthy volunteers and 19 patients with mild AD (Mini-Mental State Examination 23.42 ± 3.11). Results show that FD of retinal layers is greater in the AD group, the differences being statistically significant (p < 0.05). Correlation of layer FD with cognitive score, visual acuity and age reach statistical significance at 7 layers. Nearly all (44 out of 45) FD correlations among layers are positive and half of them reached statistical significance (p < 0.05). Factor analysis unveiled two independent factors identified as the dysregulation of the choroidal vascular network and the retinal inflammatory process. Conclusions: surface roughness is a holistic feature of retinal layers that can be assessed by the FD of their thickness maps and it is an early biomarker of AD. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8175587 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Nature Publishing Group UK |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-81755872021-06-07 Roughness of retinal layers in Alzheimer’s disease Jáñez-García, Lucía Bachtoula, Omar Salobrar-García, Elena de Hoz, Rosa Ramirez, Ana I. Gil, Pedro Ramirez, José M. Jáñez-Escalada, Luis Sci Rep Article There is growing evidence that thinned retinal regions are interspersed with thickened regions in all retinal layers of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), causing roughness to appear on layer thickness maps. The hypothesis is that roughness of retinal layers, assessed by the fractal dimension (FD) of their thickness maps, is an early biomarker of AD. Ten retinal layers have been studied in macular volumes of optical coherence tomography from 24 healthy volunteers and 19 patients with mild AD (Mini-Mental State Examination 23.42 ± 3.11). Results show that FD of retinal layers is greater in the AD group, the differences being statistically significant (p < 0.05). Correlation of layer FD with cognitive score, visual acuity and age reach statistical significance at 7 layers. Nearly all (44 out of 45) FD correlations among layers are positive and half of them reached statistical significance (p < 0.05). Factor analysis unveiled two independent factors identified as the dysregulation of the choroidal vascular network and the retinal inflammatory process. Conclusions: surface roughness is a holistic feature of retinal layers that can be assessed by the FD of their thickness maps and it is an early biomarker of AD. Nature Publishing Group UK 2021-06-03 /pmc/articles/PMC8175587/ /pubmed/34083574 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91097-3 Text en © The Author(s) 2021 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . |
spellingShingle | Article Jáñez-García, Lucía Bachtoula, Omar Salobrar-García, Elena de Hoz, Rosa Ramirez, Ana I. Gil, Pedro Ramirez, José M. Jáñez-Escalada, Luis Roughness of retinal layers in Alzheimer’s disease |
title | Roughness of retinal layers in Alzheimer’s disease |
title_full | Roughness of retinal layers in Alzheimer’s disease |
title_fullStr | Roughness of retinal layers in Alzheimer’s disease |
title_full_unstemmed | Roughness of retinal layers in Alzheimer’s disease |
title_short | Roughness of retinal layers in Alzheimer’s disease |
title_sort | roughness of retinal layers in alzheimer’s disease |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8175587/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34083574 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91097-3 |
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