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Evaluation of Three Machine Learning Algorithms for the Automatic Classification of EMG Patterns in Gait Disorders

Gait disorders are common in neurodegenerative diseases and distinguishing between seemingly similar kinematic patterns associated with different pathological entities is a challenge even for the experienced clinician. Ultimately, muscle activity underlies the generation of kinematic patterns. There...

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Autores principales: Fricke, Christopher, Alizadeh, Jalal, Zakhary, Nahrin, Woost, Timo B., Bogdan, Martin, Classen, Joseph
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8175858/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34093413
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2021.666458
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author Fricke, Christopher
Alizadeh, Jalal
Zakhary, Nahrin
Woost, Timo B.
Bogdan, Martin
Classen, Joseph
author_facet Fricke, Christopher
Alizadeh, Jalal
Zakhary, Nahrin
Woost, Timo B.
Bogdan, Martin
Classen, Joseph
author_sort Fricke, Christopher
collection PubMed
description Gait disorders are common in neurodegenerative diseases and distinguishing between seemingly similar kinematic patterns associated with different pathological entities is a challenge even for the experienced clinician. Ultimately, muscle activity underlies the generation of kinematic patterns. Therefore, one possible way to address this problem may be to differentiate gait disorders by analyzing intrinsic features of muscle activations patterns. Here, we examined whether it is possible to differentiate electromyography (EMG) gait patterns of healthy subjects and patients with different gait disorders using machine learning techniques. Nineteen healthy volunteers (9 male, 10 female, age 28.2 ± 6.2 years) and 18 patients with gait disorders (10 male, 8 female, age 66.2 ± 14.7 years) resulting from different neurological diseases walked down a hallway 10 times at a convenient pace while their muscle activity was recorded via surface EMG electrodes attached to 5 muscles of each leg (10 channels in total). Gait disorders were classified as predominantly hypokinetic (n = 12) or ataxic (n = 6) gait by two experienced raters based on video recordings. Three different classification methods (Convolutional Neural Network—CNN, Support Vector Machine—SVM, K-Nearest Neighbors—KNN) were used to automatically classify EMG patterns according to the underlying gait disorder and differentiate patients and healthy participants. Using a leave-one-out approach for training and evaluating the classifiers, the automatic classification of normal and abnormal EMG patterns during gait (2 classes: “healthy” and “patient”) was possible with a high degree of accuracy using CNN (accuracy 91.9%), but not SVM (accuracy 67.6%) or KNN (accuracy 48.7%). For classification of hypokinetic vs. ataxic vs. normal gait (3 classes) best results were again obtained for CNN (accuracy 83.8%) while SVM and KNN performed worse (accuracy SVM 51.4%, KNN 32.4%). These results suggest that machine learning methods are useful for distinguishing individuals with gait disorders from healthy controls and may help classification with respect to the underlying disorder even when classifiers are trained on comparably small cohorts. In our study, CNN achieved higher accuracy than SVM and KNN and may constitute a promising method for further investigation.
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spelling pubmed-81758582021-06-05 Evaluation of Three Machine Learning Algorithms for the Automatic Classification of EMG Patterns in Gait Disorders Fricke, Christopher Alizadeh, Jalal Zakhary, Nahrin Woost, Timo B. Bogdan, Martin Classen, Joseph Front Neurol Neurology Gait disorders are common in neurodegenerative diseases and distinguishing between seemingly similar kinematic patterns associated with different pathological entities is a challenge even for the experienced clinician. Ultimately, muscle activity underlies the generation of kinematic patterns. Therefore, one possible way to address this problem may be to differentiate gait disorders by analyzing intrinsic features of muscle activations patterns. Here, we examined whether it is possible to differentiate electromyography (EMG) gait patterns of healthy subjects and patients with different gait disorders using machine learning techniques. Nineteen healthy volunteers (9 male, 10 female, age 28.2 ± 6.2 years) and 18 patients with gait disorders (10 male, 8 female, age 66.2 ± 14.7 years) resulting from different neurological diseases walked down a hallway 10 times at a convenient pace while their muscle activity was recorded via surface EMG electrodes attached to 5 muscles of each leg (10 channels in total). Gait disorders were classified as predominantly hypokinetic (n = 12) or ataxic (n = 6) gait by two experienced raters based on video recordings. Three different classification methods (Convolutional Neural Network—CNN, Support Vector Machine—SVM, K-Nearest Neighbors—KNN) were used to automatically classify EMG patterns according to the underlying gait disorder and differentiate patients and healthy participants. Using a leave-one-out approach for training and evaluating the classifiers, the automatic classification of normal and abnormal EMG patterns during gait (2 classes: “healthy” and “patient”) was possible with a high degree of accuracy using CNN (accuracy 91.9%), but not SVM (accuracy 67.6%) or KNN (accuracy 48.7%). For classification of hypokinetic vs. ataxic vs. normal gait (3 classes) best results were again obtained for CNN (accuracy 83.8%) while SVM and KNN performed worse (accuracy SVM 51.4%, KNN 32.4%). These results suggest that machine learning methods are useful for distinguishing individuals with gait disorders from healthy controls and may help classification with respect to the underlying disorder even when classifiers are trained on comparably small cohorts. In our study, CNN achieved higher accuracy than SVM and KNN and may constitute a promising method for further investigation. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-05-21 /pmc/articles/PMC8175858/ /pubmed/34093413 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2021.666458 Text en Copyright © 2021 Fricke, Alizadeh, Zakhary, Woost, Bogdan and Classen. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Neurology
Fricke, Christopher
Alizadeh, Jalal
Zakhary, Nahrin
Woost, Timo B.
Bogdan, Martin
Classen, Joseph
Evaluation of Three Machine Learning Algorithms for the Automatic Classification of EMG Patterns in Gait Disorders
title Evaluation of Three Machine Learning Algorithms for the Automatic Classification of EMG Patterns in Gait Disorders
title_full Evaluation of Three Machine Learning Algorithms for the Automatic Classification of EMG Patterns in Gait Disorders
title_fullStr Evaluation of Three Machine Learning Algorithms for the Automatic Classification of EMG Patterns in Gait Disorders
title_full_unstemmed Evaluation of Three Machine Learning Algorithms for the Automatic Classification of EMG Patterns in Gait Disorders
title_short Evaluation of Three Machine Learning Algorithms for the Automatic Classification of EMG Patterns in Gait Disorders
title_sort evaluation of three machine learning algorithms for the automatic classification of emg patterns in gait disorders
topic Neurology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8175858/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34093413
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2021.666458
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