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In-depth evaluation of root infection systems using the vascular fungus Verticillium longisporum as soil-borne model pathogen

BACKGROUND: While leaves are far more accessible for analysing plant defences, roots are hidden in the soil, leading to difficulties in studying soil-borne interactions. Inoculation strategies for infecting model plants with model root pathogens are described in the literature, but it remains demand...

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Autor principal: Fröschel, Christian
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BioMed Central 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8178838/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34090466
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13007-021-00758-x
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author Fröschel, Christian
author_facet Fröschel, Christian
author_sort Fröschel, Christian
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: While leaves are far more accessible for analysing plant defences, roots are hidden in the soil, leading to difficulties in studying soil-borne interactions. Inoculation strategies for infecting model plants with model root pathogens are described in the literature, but it remains demanding to obtain a methodological overview. To address this challenge, this study uses the model root pathogen Verticillium longisporum on Arabidopsis thaliana host plants and provides recommendations for selecting appropriate infection systems to investigate how plants cope with root pathogens. RESULTS: A novel root infection system is introduced, while two existing ones are precisely described and optimized. Step-by-step protocols are presented and accompanied by pathogenicity tests, transcriptional analyses of indole-glucosinolate marker genes and independent confirmations using reporter constructs. Advantages and disadvantages of each infection system are assessed. Overall, the results validate the importance of indole-glucosinolates as secondary metabolites that limit the Verticillium propagation in its host plant. CONCLUSION: Detailed assistances on studying host defence strategies and responses against V. longisporum is provided. Furthermore, other soil-borne microorganisms (e.g., V. dahliae) or model plants, such as economically important oilseed rape and tomato, can be introduced in the infection systems described. Hence, these proven manuals can support finding a root infection system for your specific research questions to further decipher root-microbe interactions. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13007-021-00758-x.
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spelling pubmed-81788382021-06-07 In-depth evaluation of root infection systems using the vascular fungus Verticillium longisporum as soil-borne model pathogen Fröschel, Christian Plant Methods Methodology BACKGROUND: While leaves are far more accessible for analysing plant defences, roots are hidden in the soil, leading to difficulties in studying soil-borne interactions. Inoculation strategies for infecting model plants with model root pathogens are described in the literature, but it remains demanding to obtain a methodological overview. To address this challenge, this study uses the model root pathogen Verticillium longisporum on Arabidopsis thaliana host plants and provides recommendations for selecting appropriate infection systems to investigate how plants cope with root pathogens. RESULTS: A novel root infection system is introduced, while two existing ones are precisely described and optimized. Step-by-step protocols are presented and accompanied by pathogenicity tests, transcriptional analyses of indole-glucosinolate marker genes and independent confirmations using reporter constructs. Advantages and disadvantages of each infection system are assessed. Overall, the results validate the importance of indole-glucosinolates as secondary metabolites that limit the Verticillium propagation in its host plant. CONCLUSION: Detailed assistances on studying host defence strategies and responses against V. longisporum is provided. Furthermore, other soil-borne microorganisms (e.g., V. dahliae) or model plants, such as economically important oilseed rape and tomato, can be introduced in the infection systems described. Hence, these proven manuals can support finding a root infection system for your specific research questions to further decipher root-microbe interactions. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13007-021-00758-x. BioMed Central 2021-06-05 /pmc/articles/PMC8178838/ /pubmed/34090466 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13007-021-00758-x Text en © The Author(s) 2021 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
spellingShingle Methodology
Fröschel, Christian
In-depth evaluation of root infection systems using the vascular fungus Verticillium longisporum as soil-borne model pathogen
title In-depth evaluation of root infection systems using the vascular fungus Verticillium longisporum as soil-borne model pathogen
title_full In-depth evaluation of root infection systems using the vascular fungus Verticillium longisporum as soil-borne model pathogen
title_fullStr In-depth evaluation of root infection systems using the vascular fungus Verticillium longisporum as soil-borne model pathogen
title_full_unstemmed In-depth evaluation of root infection systems using the vascular fungus Verticillium longisporum as soil-borne model pathogen
title_short In-depth evaluation of root infection systems using the vascular fungus Verticillium longisporum as soil-borne model pathogen
title_sort in-depth evaluation of root infection systems using the vascular fungus verticillium longisporum as soil-borne model pathogen
topic Methodology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8178838/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34090466
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13007-021-00758-x
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