Reversible metathesis of ammonia in an acyclic germylene–Ni(0) complex

Carbenes, a class of low-valent group 14 ligand, have shifted the paradigm in our understanding of the effects of supporting ligands in transition-metal reactivity and catalysis. We now seek to move towards utilizing the heavier group 14 elements in effective ligand systems, which can potentially surpass carbon in their ability to operate via ‘non-innocent’ bond activation processes. Herein we describe our initial results towards the development of scalable acyclic chelating germylene ligands (viz.1a/b), and their utilization in the stabilization of Ni(0) complexes (viz.4a/b), which can readily and reversibly undergo metathesis with ammonia with no net change of oxidation state at the Ge(II) and Ni(0) centres, through ammonia bonding at the germylene ligand as opposed to the Ni(0) centre. The DFT-derived metathesis mechanism, which surprisingly demonstrates the need for three molecules of ammonia to achieve N–H bond activation, supports reversible ammonia binding at Ge(II), as well as the observed reversibility in the overall reaction.