Cargando…
Evolution of dominance in gene expression pattern associated with phenotypic robustness
BACKGROUND: Mendelian inheritance is a fundamental law of genetics. When we consider two genomes in a diploid cell, a heterozygote’s phenotype is dominated by a particular homozygote according to the law of dominance. Classical Mendelian dominance is concerned with which proteins are dominant, and i...
Autores principales: | , |
---|---|
Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
BioMed Central
2021
|
Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8182915/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34092214 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12862-021-01841-6 |
_version_ | 1783704282222034944 |
---|---|
author | Okubo, Kenji Kaneko, Kunihiko |
author_facet | Okubo, Kenji Kaneko, Kunihiko |
author_sort | Okubo, Kenji |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Mendelian inheritance is a fundamental law of genetics. When we consider two genomes in a diploid cell, a heterozygote’s phenotype is dominated by a particular homozygote according to the law of dominance. Classical Mendelian dominance is concerned with which proteins are dominant, and is usually based on simple genotype–phenotype relationship in which one gene regulates one phenotype. However, in reality, some interactions between genes can exist, resulting in deviations from Mendelian dominance. Whether and how Mendelian dominance is generalized to the phenotypes of gene expression determined by gene regulatory networks (GRNs) remains elusive. RESULTS: Here, by using the numerical evolution of diploid GRNs, we discuss whether the dominance of phenotype evolves beyond the classical Mendelian case of one-to-one genotype–phenotype relationship. We examine whether complex genotype–phenotype relationship can achieve Mendelian dominance at the expression level by a pair of haplotypes through the evolution of the GRN with interacting genes. This dominance is defined via a pair of haplotypes that differ from each other but have a common phenotype given by the expression of target genes. We numerically evolve the GRN model for a diploid case, in which two GRN matrices are added to give gene expression dynamics and simulate evolution with meiosis and recombination. Our results reveal that group Mendelian dominance evolves even under complex genotype–phenotype relationship. Calculating the degree of dominance shows that it increases through the evolution, correlating closely with the decrease in phenotypic fluctuations and the increase in robustness to initial noise. We also demonstrate that the dominance of gene expression patterns evolves concurrently. This evolution of group Mendelian dominance and pattern dominance is associated with phenotypic robustness against meiosis-induced genome mixing, whereas sexual recombination arising from the mixing of genomes from the parents further enhances dominance and robustness. Due to this dominance, the robustness to genetic differences increases, while optimal fitness is sustained to a significant difference between the two genomes. CONCLUSION: Group Mendelian dominance and gene-expression pattern dominance are achieved associated with the increase in phenotypic robustness to noise. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12862-021-01841-6. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8182915 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-81829152021-06-09 Evolution of dominance in gene expression pattern associated with phenotypic robustness Okubo, Kenji Kaneko, Kunihiko BMC Ecol Evol Research BACKGROUND: Mendelian inheritance is a fundamental law of genetics. When we consider two genomes in a diploid cell, a heterozygote’s phenotype is dominated by a particular homozygote according to the law of dominance. Classical Mendelian dominance is concerned with which proteins are dominant, and is usually based on simple genotype–phenotype relationship in which one gene regulates one phenotype. However, in reality, some interactions between genes can exist, resulting in deviations from Mendelian dominance. Whether and how Mendelian dominance is generalized to the phenotypes of gene expression determined by gene regulatory networks (GRNs) remains elusive. RESULTS: Here, by using the numerical evolution of diploid GRNs, we discuss whether the dominance of phenotype evolves beyond the classical Mendelian case of one-to-one genotype–phenotype relationship. We examine whether complex genotype–phenotype relationship can achieve Mendelian dominance at the expression level by a pair of haplotypes through the evolution of the GRN with interacting genes. This dominance is defined via a pair of haplotypes that differ from each other but have a common phenotype given by the expression of target genes. We numerically evolve the GRN model for a diploid case, in which two GRN matrices are added to give gene expression dynamics and simulate evolution with meiosis and recombination. Our results reveal that group Mendelian dominance evolves even under complex genotype–phenotype relationship. Calculating the degree of dominance shows that it increases through the evolution, correlating closely with the decrease in phenotypic fluctuations and the increase in robustness to initial noise. We also demonstrate that the dominance of gene expression patterns evolves concurrently. This evolution of group Mendelian dominance and pattern dominance is associated with phenotypic robustness against meiosis-induced genome mixing, whereas sexual recombination arising from the mixing of genomes from the parents further enhances dominance and robustness. Due to this dominance, the robustness to genetic differences increases, while optimal fitness is sustained to a significant difference between the two genomes. CONCLUSION: Group Mendelian dominance and gene-expression pattern dominance are achieved associated with the increase in phenotypic robustness to noise. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12862-021-01841-6. BioMed Central 2021-06-06 /pmc/articles/PMC8182915/ /pubmed/34092214 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12862-021-01841-6 Text en © The Author(s) 2021 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. |
spellingShingle | Research Okubo, Kenji Kaneko, Kunihiko Evolution of dominance in gene expression pattern associated with phenotypic robustness |
title | Evolution of dominance in gene expression pattern associated with phenotypic robustness |
title_full | Evolution of dominance in gene expression pattern associated with phenotypic robustness |
title_fullStr | Evolution of dominance in gene expression pattern associated with phenotypic robustness |
title_full_unstemmed | Evolution of dominance in gene expression pattern associated with phenotypic robustness |
title_short | Evolution of dominance in gene expression pattern associated with phenotypic robustness |
title_sort | evolution of dominance in gene expression pattern associated with phenotypic robustness |
topic | Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8182915/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34092214 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12862-021-01841-6 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT okubokenji evolutionofdominanceingeneexpressionpatternassociatedwithphenotypicrobustness AT kanekokunihiko evolutionofdominanceingeneexpressionpatternassociatedwithphenotypicrobustness |