Multilevel analysis of site, implant, and patient-level factors with peri-implant bleeding on probing: a cross sectional study

AIM: This study was to evaluate the association between peri-implant bleeding on probing in peri-implant diseases and its association with multilevel factors (site specific factors, implant factors, and patient level factors). METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study involved consented adult patients with ≥ 1 dental implant. Two calibrated operators examined the patients. BoP was outcome variable and peri-implant gingival biotype was principal predictor variable. The effects of site, implant, and patient level factors on BoP were assessed using a multilevel logistic regression model. RESULTS: Eighty patients for a total of 119 implants and 714 sites were included in the study. Bleeding on probing was observed in 42 implants (35.29%) with a significant higher risk observed in presence of gingival recession, thin peri-implant gingival biotype, duration of implant placement, smokers, and male patients. CONCLUSION: Peri-implant bleeding on probing was associated with site specific, implant, and patient level factors. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40729-021-00315-0.