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Body and Tail Coordination in the Bluespot Salamander (Ambystoma laterale) During Limb Regeneration

Animals are incredibly good at adapting to changes in their environment, a trait envied by most roboticists. Many animals use different gaits to seamlessly transition between land and water and move through non-uniform terrains. In addition to adjusting to changes in their environment, animals can a...

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Autores principales: Donatelli, Cassandra M., Lutek, Keegan, Gupta, Keshav, Standen, Emily M.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8193843/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34124171
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2021.629713
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author Donatelli, Cassandra M.
Lutek, Keegan
Gupta, Keshav
Standen, Emily M.
author_facet Donatelli, Cassandra M.
Lutek, Keegan
Gupta, Keshav
Standen, Emily M.
author_sort Donatelli, Cassandra M.
collection PubMed
description Animals are incredibly good at adapting to changes in their environment, a trait envied by most roboticists. Many animals use different gaits to seamlessly transition between land and water and move through non-uniform terrains. In addition to adjusting to changes in their environment, animals can adjust their locomotion to deal with missing or regenerating limbs. Salamanders are an amphibious group of animals that can regenerate limbs, tails, and even parts of the spinal cord in some species. After the loss of a limb, the salamander successfully adjusts to constantly changing morphology as it regenerates the missing part. This quality is of particular interest to roboticists looking to design devices that can adapt to missing or malfunctioning components. While walking, an intact salamander uses its limbs, body, and tail to propel itself along the ground. Its body and tail are coordinated in a distinctive wave-like pattern. Understanding how their bending kinematics change as they regrow lost limbs would provide important information to roboticists designing amphibious machines meant to navigate through unpredictable and diverse terrain. We amputated both hindlimbs of blue-spotted salamanders (Ambystoma laterale) and measured their body and tail kinematics as the limbs regenerated. We quantified the change in the body wave over time and compared them to an amphibious fish species, Polypterus senegalus. We found that salamanders in the early stages of regeneration shift their kinematics, mostly around their pectoral girdle, where there is a local increase in undulation frequency. Amputated salamanders also show a reduced range of preferred walking speeds and an increase in the number of bending waves along the body. This work could assist roboticists working on terrestrial locomotion and water to land transitions.
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spelling pubmed-81938432021-06-12 Body and Tail Coordination in the Bluespot Salamander (Ambystoma laterale) During Limb Regeneration Donatelli, Cassandra M. Lutek, Keegan Gupta, Keshav Standen, Emily M. Front Robot AI Robotics and AI Animals are incredibly good at adapting to changes in their environment, a trait envied by most roboticists. Many animals use different gaits to seamlessly transition between land and water and move through non-uniform terrains. In addition to adjusting to changes in their environment, animals can adjust their locomotion to deal with missing or regenerating limbs. Salamanders are an amphibious group of animals that can regenerate limbs, tails, and even parts of the spinal cord in some species. After the loss of a limb, the salamander successfully adjusts to constantly changing morphology as it regenerates the missing part. This quality is of particular interest to roboticists looking to design devices that can adapt to missing or malfunctioning components. While walking, an intact salamander uses its limbs, body, and tail to propel itself along the ground. Its body and tail are coordinated in a distinctive wave-like pattern. Understanding how their bending kinematics change as they regrow lost limbs would provide important information to roboticists designing amphibious machines meant to navigate through unpredictable and diverse terrain. We amputated both hindlimbs of blue-spotted salamanders (Ambystoma laterale) and measured their body and tail kinematics as the limbs regenerated. We quantified the change in the body wave over time and compared them to an amphibious fish species, Polypterus senegalus. We found that salamanders in the early stages of regeneration shift their kinematics, mostly around their pectoral girdle, where there is a local increase in undulation frequency. Amputated salamanders also show a reduced range of preferred walking speeds and an increase in the number of bending waves along the body. This work could assist roboticists working on terrestrial locomotion and water to land transitions. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-05-28 /pmc/articles/PMC8193843/ /pubmed/34124171 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2021.629713 Text en Copyright © 2021 Donatelli, Lutek, Gupta and Standen. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Robotics and AI
Donatelli, Cassandra M.
Lutek, Keegan
Gupta, Keshav
Standen, Emily M.
Body and Tail Coordination in the Bluespot Salamander (Ambystoma laterale) During Limb Regeneration
title Body and Tail Coordination in the Bluespot Salamander (Ambystoma laterale) During Limb Regeneration
title_full Body and Tail Coordination in the Bluespot Salamander (Ambystoma laterale) During Limb Regeneration
title_fullStr Body and Tail Coordination in the Bluespot Salamander (Ambystoma laterale) During Limb Regeneration
title_full_unstemmed Body and Tail Coordination in the Bluespot Salamander (Ambystoma laterale) During Limb Regeneration
title_short Body and Tail Coordination in the Bluespot Salamander (Ambystoma laterale) During Limb Regeneration
title_sort body and tail coordination in the bluespot salamander (ambystoma laterale) during limb regeneration
topic Robotics and AI
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8193843/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34124171
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2021.629713
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