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The Optimal Ambient Conditions for World Record and World Class Performances at the Berlin Marathon
The “Berlin Marathon” is the fastest marathon racecourse in the world and has witnessed 11 world records (WRs; eight in men and three in women). Weather conditions can have an important impact on race time and we therefore examined the influence of environmental conditions (i.e., temperature, sunshi...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8194270/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34122130 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.654860 |
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author | Scheer, Volker Valero, David Villiger, Elias Alvero Cruz, José Ramón Rosemann, Thomas Knechtle, Beat |
author_facet | Scheer, Volker Valero, David Villiger, Elias Alvero Cruz, José Ramón Rosemann, Thomas Knechtle, Beat |
author_sort | Scheer, Volker |
collection | PubMed |
description | The “Berlin Marathon” is the fastest marathon racecourse in the world and has witnessed 11 world records (WRs; eight in men and three in women). Weather conditions can have an important impact on race time and we therefore examined the influence of environmental conditions (i.e., temperature, sunshine, precipitation, barometric pressure, and cloud cover) on WRs and elite (i.e., winner, top three and top 10 finishers) marathon performances of men and women at the “Berlin Marathon” between 1974 and 2019. Average world record marathon times in men were 2:03:52 ± 0:01:19 h:min:s and 2:25:05 ± 0:08:25 h:min:s in females (p < 0.05). Male competitions were held 44 times (mean winning time: 2:09:48 ± 0:09:15 h:min:s) and female competitions 41 times (mean winning time: 02:30:35 ± 0:19:09 h:min:s; p < 0.05). World record performances were set at mean temperatures of 18.61 ± 2.59°C for men and 13.07 ± 4.01°C for women (p > 0.05). The ideal environmental conditions for world record performances for men were temperatures of 18.61°C (p > 0.05), sunny, mostly dry days, with higher atmospheric pressure and little cloud cover (all p > 0.05). In women, ideal conditions for world records performances were temperatures of 13.07°C (p > 0.05), with low atmospheric pressure (p > 0.05), but significantly more rain (p < 0.05), and with no sunshine (p < 0.05) and cloud cover (p < 0.05). With elite performances, the ideal temperatures were of 17.36 ± 4.33°C for men and 17.93 ± 4.07°C for women (p > 0.05), with little to no rain, and moderate cloud cover and sunshine (p > 0.05). In summary, novel findings are, that environmental conditions in world records performances differ between men and women, with women obtaining world records in bad weather (with rain, cloud cover, and no sunshine) and men in good weather (sunny, mostly dry days, with little cloud cover). Larger sample sizes are needed to examine sex differences and environmental conditions on world record marathon performances. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8194270 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-81942702021-06-12 The Optimal Ambient Conditions for World Record and World Class Performances at the Berlin Marathon Scheer, Volker Valero, David Villiger, Elias Alvero Cruz, José Ramón Rosemann, Thomas Knechtle, Beat Front Physiol Physiology The “Berlin Marathon” is the fastest marathon racecourse in the world and has witnessed 11 world records (WRs; eight in men and three in women). Weather conditions can have an important impact on race time and we therefore examined the influence of environmental conditions (i.e., temperature, sunshine, precipitation, barometric pressure, and cloud cover) on WRs and elite (i.e., winner, top three and top 10 finishers) marathon performances of men and women at the “Berlin Marathon” between 1974 and 2019. Average world record marathon times in men were 2:03:52 ± 0:01:19 h:min:s and 2:25:05 ± 0:08:25 h:min:s in females (p < 0.05). Male competitions were held 44 times (mean winning time: 2:09:48 ± 0:09:15 h:min:s) and female competitions 41 times (mean winning time: 02:30:35 ± 0:19:09 h:min:s; p < 0.05). World record performances were set at mean temperatures of 18.61 ± 2.59°C for men and 13.07 ± 4.01°C for women (p > 0.05). The ideal environmental conditions for world record performances for men were temperatures of 18.61°C (p > 0.05), sunny, mostly dry days, with higher atmospheric pressure and little cloud cover (all p > 0.05). In women, ideal conditions for world records performances were temperatures of 13.07°C (p > 0.05), with low atmospheric pressure (p > 0.05), but significantly more rain (p < 0.05), and with no sunshine (p < 0.05) and cloud cover (p < 0.05). With elite performances, the ideal temperatures were of 17.36 ± 4.33°C for men and 17.93 ± 4.07°C for women (p > 0.05), with little to no rain, and moderate cloud cover and sunshine (p > 0.05). In summary, novel findings are, that environmental conditions in world records performances differ between men and women, with women obtaining world records in bad weather (with rain, cloud cover, and no sunshine) and men in good weather (sunny, mostly dry days, with little cloud cover). Larger sample sizes are needed to examine sex differences and environmental conditions on world record marathon performances. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-05-28 /pmc/articles/PMC8194270/ /pubmed/34122130 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.654860 Text en Copyright © 2021 Scheer, Valero, Villiger, Alvero Cruz, Rosemann and Knechtle. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Physiology Scheer, Volker Valero, David Villiger, Elias Alvero Cruz, José Ramón Rosemann, Thomas Knechtle, Beat The Optimal Ambient Conditions for World Record and World Class Performances at the Berlin Marathon |
title | The Optimal Ambient Conditions for World Record and World Class Performances at the Berlin Marathon |
title_full | The Optimal Ambient Conditions for World Record and World Class Performances at the Berlin Marathon |
title_fullStr | The Optimal Ambient Conditions for World Record and World Class Performances at the Berlin Marathon |
title_full_unstemmed | The Optimal Ambient Conditions for World Record and World Class Performances at the Berlin Marathon |
title_short | The Optimal Ambient Conditions for World Record and World Class Performances at the Berlin Marathon |
title_sort | optimal ambient conditions for world record and world class performances at the berlin marathon |
topic | Physiology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8194270/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34122130 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.654860 |
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