Cargando…

Evolution and Application of Genome Editing Techniques for Achieving Food and Nutritional Security

A world with zero hunger is possible only through a sustainable increase in food production and distribution and the elimination of poverty. Scientific, logistical, and humanitarian approaches must be employed simultaneously to ensure food security, starting with farmers and breeders and extending t...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Fiaz, Sajid, Ahmar, Sunny, Saeed, Sajjad, Riaz, Aamir, Mora-Poblete, Freddy, Jung, Ki-Hung
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8197453/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34070430
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115585
_version_ 1783706920481193984
author Fiaz, Sajid
Ahmar, Sunny
Saeed, Sajjad
Riaz, Aamir
Mora-Poblete, Freddy
Jung, Ki-Hung
author_facet Fiaz, Sajid
Ahmar, Sunny
Saeed, Sajjad
Riaz, Aamir
Mora-Poblete, Freddy
Jung, Ki-Hung
author_sort Fiaz, Sajid
collection PubMed
description A world with zero hunger is possible only through a sustainable increase in food production and distribution and the elimination of poverty. Scientific, logistical, and humanitarian approaches must be employed simultaneously to ensure food security, starting with farmers and breeders and extending to policy makers and governments. The current agricultural production system is facing the challenge of sustainably increasing grain quality and yield and enhancing resistance to biotic and abiotic stress under the intensifying pressure of climate change. Under present circumstances, conventional breeding techniques are not sufficient. Innovation in plant breeding is critical in managing agricultural challenges and achieving sustainable crop production. Novel plant breeding techniques, involving a series of developments from genome editing techniques to speed breeding and the integration of omics technology, offer relevant, versatile, cost-effective, and less time-consuming ways of achieving precision in plant breeding. Opportunities to edit agriculturally significant genes now exist as a result of new genome editing techniques. These range from random (physical and chemical mutagens) to non-random meganucleases (MegaN), zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/associated protein system 9 (CRISPR/Cas9), the CRISPR system from Prevotella and Francisella1 (Cpf1), base editing (BE), and prime editing (PE). Genome editing techniques that promote crop improvement through hybrid seed production, induced apomixis, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress are prioritized when selecting for genetic gain in a restricted timeframe. The novel CRISPR-associated protein system 9 variants, namely BE and PE, can generate transgene-free plants with more frequency and are therefore being used for knocking out of genes of interest. We provide a comprehensive review of the evolution of genome editing technologies, especially the application of the third-generation genome editing technologies to achieve various plant breeding objectives within the regulatory regimes adopted by various countries. Future development and the optimization of forward and reverse genetics to achieve food security are evaluated.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-8197453
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2021
publisher MDPI
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-81974532021-06-13 Evolution and Application of Genome Editing Techniques for Achieving Food and Nutritional Security Fiaz, Sajid Ahmar, Sunny Saeed, Sajjad Riaz, Aamir Mora-Poblete, Freddy Jung, Ki-Hung Int J Mol Sci Review A world with zero hunger is possible only through a sustainable increase in food production and distribution and the elimination of poverty. Scientific, logistical, and humanitarian approaches must be employed simultaneously to ensure food security, starting with farmers and breeders and extending to policy makers and governments. The current agricultural production system is facing the challenge of sustainably increasing grain quality and yield and enhancing resistance to biotic and abiotic stress under the intensifying pressure of climate change. Under present circumstances, conventional breeding techniques are not sufficient. Innovation in plant breeding is critical in managing agricultural challenges and achieving sustainable crop production. Novel plant breeding techniques, involving a series of developments from genome editing techniques to speed breeding and the integration of omics technology, offer relevant, versatile, cost-effective, and less time-consuming ways of achieving precision in plant breeding. Opportunities to edit agriculturally significant genes now exist as a result of new genome editing techniques. These range from random (physical and chemical mutagens) to non-random meganucleases (MegaN), zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/associated protein system 9 (CRISPR/Cas9), the CRISPR system from Prevotella and Francisella1 (Cpf1), base editing (BE), and prime editing (PE). Genome editing techniques that promote crop improvement through hybrid seed production, induced apomixis, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress are prioritized when selecting for genetic gain in a restricted timeframe. The novel CRISPR-associated protein system 9 variants, namely BE and PE, can generate transgene-free plants with more frequency and are therefore being used for knocking out of genes of interest. We provide a comprehensive review of the evolution of genome editing technologies, especially the application of the third-generation genome editing technologies to achieve various plant breeding objectives within the regulatory regimes adopted by various countries. Future development and the optimization of forward and reverse genetics to achieve food security are evaluated. MDPI 2021-05-25 /pmc/articles/PMC8197453/ /pubmed/34070430 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115585 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Fiaz, Sajid
Ahmar, Sunny
Saeed, Sajjad
Riaz, Aamir
Mora-Poblete, Freddy
Jung, Ki-Hung
Evolution and Application of Genome Editing Techniques for Achieving Food and Nutritional Security
title Evolution and Application of Genome Editing Techniques for Achieving Food and Nutritional Security
title_full Evolution and Application of Genome Editing Techniques for Achieving Food and Nutritional Security
title_fullStr Evolution and Application of Genome Editing Techniques for Achieving Food and Nutritional Security
title_full_unstemmed Evolution and Application of Genome Editing Techniques for Achieving Food and Nutritional Security
title_short Evolution and Application of Genome Editing Techniques for Achieving Food and Nutritional Security
title_sort evolution and application of genome editing techniques for achieving food and nutritional security
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8197453/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34070430
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115585
work_keys_str_mv AT fiazsajid evolutionandapplicationofgenomeeditingtechniquesforachievingfoodandnutritionalsecurity
AT ahmarsunny evolutionandapplicationofgenomeeditingtechniquesforachievingfoodandnutritionalsecurity
AT saeedsajjad evolutionandapplicationofgenomeeditingtechniquesforachievingfoodandnutritionalsecurity
AT riazaamir evolutionandapplicationofgenomeeditingtechniquesforachievingfoodandnutritionalsecurity
AT morapobletefreddy evolutionandapplicationofgenomeeditingtechniquesforachievingfoodandnutritionalsecurity
AT jungkihung evolutionandapplicationofgenomeeditingtechniquesforachievingfoodandnutritionalsecurity