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Gender Differences in Diabetic Kidney Disease: Focus on Hormonal, Genetic and Clinical Factors

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the most serious complications of both type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Current guidelines recommend a personalized approach in order to reduce the burden of DM and its complications. Recognizing sex and gender- differences in medicine is con...

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Autores principales: Giandalia, Annalisa, Giuffrida, Alfio Edoardo, Gembillo, Guido, Cucinotta, Domenico, Squadrito, Giovanni, Santoro, Domenico, Russo, Giuseppina T.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8198374/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34071671
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115808
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author Giandalia, Annalisa
Giuffrida, Alfio Edoardo
Gembillo, Guido
Cucinotta, Domenico
Squadrito, Giovanni
Santoro, Domenico
Russo, Giuseppina T.
author_facet Giandalia, Annalisa
Giuffrida, Alfio Edoardo
Gembillo, Guido
Cucinotta, Domenico
Squadrito, Giovanni
Santoro, Domenico
Russo, Giuseppina T.
author_sort Giandalia, Annalisa
collection PubMed
description Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the most serious complications of both type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Current guidelines recommend a personalized approach in order to reduce the burden of DM and its complications. Recognizing sex and gender- differences in medicine is considered one of the first steps toward personalized medicine, but the gender issue in DM has been scarcely explored so far. Gender differences have been reported in the incidence and the prevalence of DKD, in its phenotypes and clinical manifestations, as well as in several risk factors, with a different impact in the two genders. Hormonal factors, especially estrogen loss, play a significant role in explaining these differences. Additionally, the impact of sex chromosomes as well as the influence of gene–sex interactions with several susceptibility genes for DKD have been investigated. In spite of the increasing evidence that sex and gender should be included in the evaluation of DKD, several open issues remain uncovered, including the potentially different effects of newly recommended drugs, such as SGLT2i and GLP1Ras. This narrative review explored current evidence on sex/gender differences in DKD, taking into account hormonal, genetic and clinical factors.
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spelling pubmed-81983742021-06-14 Gender Differences in Diabetic Kidney Disease: Focus on Hormonal, Genetic and Clinical Factors Giandalia, Annalisa Giuffrida, Alfio Edoardo Gembillo, Guido Cucinotta, Domenico Squadrito, Giovanni Santoro, Domenico Russo, Giuseppina T. Int J Mol Sci Review Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the most serious complications of both type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Current guidelines recommend a personalized approach in order to reduce the burden of DM and its complications. Recognizing sex and gender- differences in medicine is considered one of the first steps toward personalized medicine, but the gender issue in DM has been scarcely explored so far. Gender differences have been reported in the incidence and the prevalence of DKD, in its phenotypes and clinical manifestations, as well as in several risk factors, with a different impact in the two genders. Hormonal factors, especially estrogen loss, play a significant role in explaining these differences. Additionally, the impact of sex chromosomes as well as the influence of gene–sex interactions with several susceptibility genes for DKD have been investigated. In spite of the increasing evidence that sex and gender should be included in the evaluation of DKD, several open issues remain uncovered, including the potentially different effects of newly recommended drugs, such as SGLT2i and GLP1Ras. This narrative review explored current evidence on sex/gender differences in DKD, taking into account hormonal, genetic and clinical factors. MDPI 2021-05-28 /pmc/articles/PMC8198374/ /pubmed/34071671 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115808 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Giandalia, Annalisa
Giuffrida, Alfio Edoardo
Gembillo, Guido
Cucinotta, Domenico
Squadrito, Giovanni
Santoro, Domenico
Russo, Giuseppina T.
Gender Differences in Diabetic Kidney Disease: Focus on Hormonal, Genetic and Clinical Factors
title Gender Differences in Diabetic Kidney Disease: Focus on Hormonal, Genetic and Clinical Factors
title_full Gender Differences in Diabetic Kidney Disease: Focus on Hormonal, Genetic and Clinical Factors
title_fullStr Gender Differences in Diabetic Kidney Disease: Focus on Hormonal, Genetic and Clinical Factors
title_full_unstemmed Gender Differences in Diabetic Kidney Disease: Focus on Hormonal, Genetic and Clinical Factors
title_short Gender Differences in Diabetic Kidney Disease: Focus on Hormonal, Genetic and Clinical Factors
title_sort gender differences in diabetic kidney disease: focus on hormonal, genetic and clinical factors
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8198374/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34071671
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115808
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