Circular RNAs: Emerging Regulators of the Major Signaling Pathways Involved in Cancer Progression

SIMPLE SUMMARY: Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are single-stranded RNA molecules that form a covalently closed loop structure. They are characterized by distinct features and multifariously implicated in the regulation of both physiological and pathological states. The aberrant expression of circRNAs has been evidenced in various malignancies. Circular transcripts can effectively modulate gene expression. The most prevalent manner through which circRNAs promote cancer development and progression is their interaction with key components of major signaling pathways. In particular, abnormally expressed circRNAs can dictate the crosstalk between signaling cascades. In recent years, there has been great progress regarding circRNA research in the context of cancer progression, and various regulatory axes have been described. As our knowledge of signaling regulation by circRNAs continuously expands, novel therapeutic approaches can be assessed and established, seeking to overcome clinical challenges, such as the treatment of cancer patients with distant metastasis and those who relapse. ABSTRACT: Signal transduction is an essential process that regulates and coordinates fundamental cellular processes, such as development, immunity, energy metabolism, and apoptosis. Through signaling, cells are capable of perceiving their environment and adjusting to changes, and most signaling cascades ultimately lead to alterations in gene expression. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) constitute an emerging type of endogenous transcripts with regulatory roles and unique properties. They are stable and expressed in a tissue-, cell-, and developmental stage-specific manner, while they are involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including cancer. Aberrantly expressed circRNAs can mediate cancer progression through regulation of the activity of major signaling cascades, such as the VEGF, WNT/β-catenin, MAPK, PI3K/AKT, and Notch signaling pathways, as well as by interfering with signaling crosstalk. Deregulated signaling can then function to induce angiogenesis, promote invasion, migration, and metastasis, and, generally, modulate the hallmarks of cancer. In this review article, we summarize the most recently described and intriguing cases of circRNA-mediated signaling regulation that are involved in cancer progression, and discuss the biomarker potential of circRNAs, as well as future therapeutic applications.