Decoding LncRNAs

SIMPLE SUMMARY: Advances in RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) have led to the identification of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Molecular studies on these molecules have shown that lncRNAs act as important regulators of gene expression at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level, in both physiological and pathological conditions, yet cell functions of many of identified lncRNAs remain unknown. Here we summarize the achievements on lncRNAs studies including identification of lncRNA interactomes, structural studies and creating reporters for lncRNA activity. We also collect recent data on the involvement of lncRNAs in diseases, the clinical applications of these molecules and discuss major problems remaining the area of lncRNAs pointing future challenges. ABSTRACT: Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been considered as unimportant additions to the transcriptome. Yet, in light of numerous studies, it has become clear that ncRNAs play important roles in development, health and disease. Long-ignored, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), ncRNAs made of more than 200 nucleotides have gained attention due to their involvement as drivers or suppressors of a myriad of tumours. The detailed understanding of some of their functions, structures and interactomes has been the result of interdisciplinary efforts, as in many cases, new methods need to be created or adapted to characterise these molecules. Unlike most reviews on lncRNAs, we summarize the achievements on lncRNA studies by taking into consideration the approaches for identification of lncRNA functions, interactomes, and structural arrangements. We also provide information about the recent data on the involvement of lncRNAs in diseases and present applications of these molecules, especially in medicine.