Cargando…

The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis and Alzheimer Disease. From Dysbiosis to Neurodegeneration: Focus on the Central Nervous System Glial Cells

The microbiota–gut system can be thought of as a single unit that interacts with the brain via the “two-way” microbiota–gut–brain axis. Through this axis, a constant interplay mediated by the several products originating from the microbiota guarantees the physiological development and shaping of the...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Giovannini, Maria Grazia, Lana, Daniele, Traini, Chiara, Vannucchi, Maria Giuliana
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8199461/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34072107
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10112358
_version_ 1783707382339076096
author Giovannini, Maria Grazia
Lana, Daniele
Traini, Chiara
Vannucchi, Maria Giuliana
author_facet Giovannini, Maria Grazia
Lana, Daniele
Traini, Chiara
Vannucchi, Maria Giuliana
author_sort Giovannini, Maria Grazia
collection PubMed
description The microbiota–gut system can be thought of as a single unit that interacts with the brain via the “two-way” microbiota–gut–brain axis. Through this axis, a constant interplay mediated by the several products originating from the microbiota guarantees the physiological development and shaping of the gut and the brain. In the present review will be described the modalities through which the microbiota and gut control each other, and the main microbiota products conditioning both local and brain homeostasis. Much evidence has accumulated over the past decade in favor of a significant association between dysbiosis, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Presently, the pathogenetic mechanisms triggered by molecules produced by the altered microbiota, also responsible for the onset and evolution of Alzheimer disease, will be described. Our attention will be focused on the role of astrocytes and microglia. Numerous studies have progressively demonstrated how these glial cells are important to ensure an adequate environment for neuronal activity in healthy conditions. Furthermore, it is becoming evident how both cell types can mediate the onset of neuroinflammation and lead to neurodegeneration when subjected to pathological stimuli. Based on this information, the role of the major microbiota products in shifting the activation profiles of astrocytes and microglia from a healthy to a diseased state will be discussed, focusing on Alzheimer disease pathogenesis.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-8199461
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2021
publisher MDPI
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-81994612021-06-14 The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis and Alzheimer Disease. From Dysbiosis to Neurodegeneration: Focus on the Central Nervous System Glial Cells Giovannini, Maria Grazia Lana, Daniele Traini, Chiara Vannucchi, Maria Giuliana J Clin Med Review The microbiota–gut system can be thought of as a single unit that interacts with the brain via the “two-way” microbiota–gut–brain axis. Through this axis, a constant interplay mediated by the several products originating from the microbiota guarantees the physiological development and shaping of the gut and the brain. In the present review will be described the modalities through which the microbiota and gut control each other, and the main microbiota products conditioning both local and brain homeostasis. Much evidence has accumulated over the past decade in favor of a significant association between dysbiosis, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Presently, the pathogenetic mechanisms triggered by molecules produced by the altered microbiota, also responsible for the onset and evolution of Alzheimer disease, will be described. Our attention will be focused on the role of astrocytes and microglia. Numerous studies have progressively demonstrated how these glial cells are important to ensure an adequate environment for neuronal activity in healthy conditions. Furthermore, it is becoming evident how both cell types can mediate the onset of neuroinflammation and lead to neurodegeneration when subjected to pathological stimuli. Based on this information, the role of the major microbiota products in shifting the activation profiles of astrocytes and microglia from a healthy to a diseased state will be discussed, focusing on Alzheimer disease pathogenesis. MDPI 2021-05-27 /pmc/articles/PMC8199461/ /pubmed/34072107 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10112358 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Giovannini, Maria Grazia
Lana, Daniele
Traini, Chiara
Vannucchi, Maria Giuliana
The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis and Alzheimer Disease. From Dysbiosis to Neurodegeneration: Focus on the Central Nervous System Glial Cells
title The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis and Alzheimer Disease. From Dysbiosis to Neurodegeneration: Focus on the Central Nervous System Glial Cells
title_full The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis and Alzheimer Disease. From Dysbiosis to Neurodegeneration: Focus on the Central Nervous System Glial Cells
title_fullStr The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis and Alzheimer Disease. From Dysbiosis to Neurodegeneration: Focus on the Central Nervous System Glial Cells
title_full_unstemmed The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis and Alzheimer Disease. From Dysbiosis to Neurodegeneration: Focus on the Central Nervous System Glial Cells
title_short The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis and Alzheimer Disease. From Dysbiosis to Neurodegeneration: Focus on the Central Nervous System Glial Cells
title_sort microbiota–gut–brain axis and alzheimer disease. from dysbiosis to neurodegeneration: focus on the central nervous system glial cells
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8199461/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34072107
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10112358
work_keys_str_mv AT giovanninimariagrazia themicrobiotagutbrainaxisandalzheimerdiseasefromdysbiosistoneurodegenerationfocusonthecentralnervoussystemglialcells
AT lanadaniele themicrobiotagutbrainaxisandalzheimerdiseasefromdysbiosistoneurodegenerationfocusonthecentralnervoussystemglialcells
AT trainichiara themicrobiotagutbrainaxisandalzheimerdiseasefromdysbiosistoneurodegenerationfocusonthecentralnervoussystemglialcells
AT vannucchimariagiuliana themicrobiotagutbrainaxisandalzheimerdiseasefromdysbiosistoneurodegenerationfocusonthecentralnervoussystemglialcells
AT giovanninimariagrazia microbiotagutbrainaxisandalzheimerdiseasefromdysbiosistoneurodegenerationfocusonthecentralnervoussystemglialcells
AT lanadaniele microbiotagutbrainaxisandalzheimerdiseasefromdysbiosistoneurodegenerationfocusonthecentralnervoussystemglialcells
AT trainichiara microbiotagutbrainaxisandalzheimerdiseasefromdysbiosistoneurodegenerationfocusonthecentralnervoussystemglialcells
AT vannucchimariagiuliana microbiotagutbrainaxisandalzheimerdiseasefromdysbiosistoneurodegenerationfocusonthecentralnervoussystemglialcells