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Secondary Effects of Hypochlorite Treatment on the Emerging Pollutant Candesartan: The Formation of Degradation Byproducts and Their Toxicological Profiles

In recent years, many studies have reported the frequent detection of antihypertensive agents such as sartans (olmesartan, valsartan, irbesartan and candesartan) in the influents and effluents of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and in the superficial waters of rivers and lakes in both Europe and...

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Autores principales: Luongo, Giovanni, Saviano, Lorenzo, Libralato, Giovanni, Guida, Marco, Siciliano, Antonietta, Previtera, Lucio, Di Fabio, Giovanni, Zarrelli, Armando
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8200957/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34198752
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113422
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author Luongo, Giovanni
Saviano, Lorenzo
Libralato, Giovanni
Guida, Marco
Siciliano, Antonietta
Previtera, Lucio
Di Fabio, Giovanni
Zarrelli, Armando
author_facet Luongo, Giovanni
Saviano, Lorenzo
Libralato, Giovanni
Guida, Marco
Siciliano, Antonietta
Previtera, Lucio
Di Fabio, Giovanni
Zarrelli, Armando
author_sort Luongo, Giovanni
collection PubMed
description In recent years, many studies have reported the frequent detection of antihypertensive agents such as sartans (olmesartan, valsartan, irbesartan and candesartan) in the influents and effluents of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and in the superficial waters of rivers and lakes in both Europe and North America. In this paper, the degradation pathway for candesartan (CAN) was investigated by simulating the chlorination process that is normally used to reduce microbial contamination in a WWTP. Twelve isolated degradation byproducts (DPs), four of which were isolated for the first time, were separated on a C-18 column by employing a gradient HPLC method, and their structures were identified by combining nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry and comparing the results with commercial standards. On the basis of these results, a mechanism of formation starting from the parent drug is proposed. The ecotoxicity of CAN and its DPs was studied by conducting a battery of ecotoxicity tests; bioassays were performed using Aliivibrio fischeri (bacterium), Daphnia magna (planktonic crustacean) and Raphidocelis subcapitata (alga). The ecotoxicity results shed new light on the increased toxicity of DPs compared with the parent compound.
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spelling pubmed-82009572021-06-15 Secondary Effects of Hypochlorite Treatment on the Emerging Pollutant Candesartan: The Formation of Degradation Byproducts and Their Toxicological Profiles Luongo, Giovanni Saviano, Lorenzo Libralato, Giovanni Guida, Marco Siciliano, Antonietta Previtera, Lucio Di Fabio, Giovanni Zarrelli, Armando Molecules Article In recent years, many studies have reported the frequent detection of antihypertensive agents such as sartans (olmesartan, valsartan, irbesartan and candesartan) in the influents and effluents of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and in the superficial waters of rivers and lakes in both Europe and North America. In this paper, the degradation pathway for candesartan (CAN) was investigated by simulating the chlorination process that is normally used to reduce microbial contamination in a WWTP. Twelve isolated degradation byproducts (DPs), four of which were isolated for the first time, were separated on a C-18 column by employing a gradient HPLC method, and their structures were identified by combining nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry and comparing the results with commercial standards. On the basis of these results, a mechanism of formation starting from the parent drug is proposed. The ecotoxicity of CAN and its DPs was studied by conducting a battery of ecotoxicity tests; bioassays were performed using Aliivibrio fischeri (bacterium), Daphnia magna (planktonic crustacean) and Raphidocelis subcapitata (alga). The ecotoxicity results shed new light on the increased toxicity of DPs compared with the parent compound. MDPI 2021-06-05 /pmc/articles/PMC8200957/ /pubmed/34198752 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113422 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Luongo, Giovanni
Saviano, Lorenzo
Libralato, Giovanni
Guida, Marco
Siciliano, Antonietta
Previtera, Lucio
Di Fabio, Giovanni
Zarrelli, Armando
Secondary Effects of Hypochlorite Treatment on the Emerging Pollutant Candesartan: The Formation of Degradation Byproducts and Their Toxicological Profiles
title Secondary Effects of Hypochlorite Treatment on the Emerging Pollutant Candesartan: The Formation of Degradation Byproducts and Their Toxicological Profiles
title_full Secondary Effects of Hypochlorite Treatment on the Emerging Pollutant Candesartan: The Formation of Degradation Byproducts and Their Toxicological Profiles
title_fullStr Secondary Effects of Hypochlorite Treatment on the Emerging Pollutant Candesartan: The Formation of Degradation Byproducts and Their Toxicological Profiles
title_full_unstemmed Secondary Effects of Hypochlorite Treatment on the Emerging Pollutant Candesartan: The Formation of Degradation Byproducts and Their Toxicological Profiles
title_short Secondary Effects of Hypochlorite Treatment on the Emerging Pollutant Candesartan: The Formation of Degradation Byproducts and Their Toxicological Profiles
title_sort secondary effects of hypochlorite treatment on the emerging pollutant candesartan: the formation of degradation byproducts and their toxicological profiles
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8200957/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34198752
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113422
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