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Towards 6G IoT: Tracing Mobile Sensor Nodes with Deep Learning Clustering in UAV Networks

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in the role of flying anchor nodes have been proposed to assist the localisation of terrestrial Internet of Things (IoT) sensors and provide relay services in the context of the upcoming 6G networks. This paper considered the objective of tracing a mobile IoT device o...

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Autores principales: Spyridis, Yannis, Lagkas, Thomas, Sarigiannidis, Panagiotis, Argyriou, Vasileios, Sarigiannidis, Antonios, Eleftherakis, George, Zhang, Jie
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8201316/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34200449
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113936
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author Spyridis, Yannis
Lagkas, Thomas
Sarigiannidis, Panagiotis
Argyriou, Vasileios
Sarigiannidis, Antonios
Eleftherakis, George
Zhang, Jie
author_facet Spyridis, Yannis
Lagkas, Thomas
Sarigiannidis, Panagiotis
Argyriou, Vasileios
Sarigiannidis, Antonios
Eleftherakis, George
Zhang, Jie
author_sort Spyridis, Yannis
collection PubMed
description Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in the role of flying anchor nodes have been proposed to assist the localisation of terrestrial Internet of Things (IoT) sensors and provide relay services in the context of the upcoming 6G networks. This paper considered the objective of tracing a mobile IoT device of unknown location, using a group of UAVs that were equipped with received signal strength indicator (RSSI) sensors. The UAVs employed measurements of the target’s radio frequency (RF) signal power to approach the target as quickly as possible. A deep learning model performed clustering in the UAV network at regular intervals, based on a graph convolutional network (GCN) architecture, which utilised information about the RSSI and the UAV positions. The number of clusters was determined dynamically at each instant using a heuristic method, and the partitions were determined by optimising an RSSI loss function. The proposed algorithm retained the clusters that approached the RF source more effectively, removing the rest of the UAVs, which returned to the base. Simulation experiments demonstrated the improvement of this method compared to a previous deterministic approach, in terms of the time required to reach the target and the total distance covered by the UAVs.
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spelling pubmed-82013162021-06-15 Towards 6G IoT: Tracing Mobile Sensor Nodes with Deep Learning Clustering in UAV Networks Spyridis, Yannis Lagkas, Thomas Sarigiannidis, Panagiotis Argyriou, Vasileios Sarigiannidis, Antonios Eleftherakis, George Zhang, Jie Sensors (Basel) Article Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in the role of flying anchor nodes have been proposed to assist the localisation of terrestrial Internet of Things (IoT) sensors and provide relay services in the context of the upcoming 6G networks. This paper considered the objective of tracing a mobile IoT device of unknown location, using a group of UAVs that were equipped with received signal strength indicator (RSSI) sensors. The UAVs employed measurements of the target’s radio frequency (RF) signal power to approach the target as quickly as possible. A deep learning model performed clustering in the UAV network at regular intervals, based on a graph convolutional network (GCN) architecture, which utilised information about the RSSI and the UAV positions. The number of clusters was determined dynamically at each instant using a heuristic method, and the partitions were determined by optimising an RSSI loss function. The proposed algorithm retained the clusters that approached the RF source more effectively, removing the rest of the UAVs, which returned to the base. Simulation experiments demonstrated the improvement of this method compared to a previous deterministic approach, in terms of the time required to reach the target and the total distance covered by the UAVs. MDPI 2021-06-07 /pmc/articles/PMC8201316/ /pubmed/34200449 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113936 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Spyridis, Yannis
Lagkas, Thomas
Sarigiannidis, Panagiotis
Argyriou, Vasileios
Sarigiannidis, Antonios
Eleftherakis, George
Zhang, Jie
Towards 6G IoT: Tracing Mobile Sensor Nodes with Deep Learning Clustering in UAV Networks
title Towards 6G IoT: Tracing Mobile Sensor Nodes with Deep Learning Clustering in UAV Networks
title_full Towards 6G IoT: Tracing Mobile Sensor Nodes with Deep Learning Clustering in UAV Networks
title_fullStr Towards 6G IoT: Tracing Mobile Sensor Nodes with Deep Learning Clustering in UAV Networks
title_full_unstemmed Towards 6G IoT: Tracing Mobile Sensor Nodes with Deep Learning Clustering in UAV Networks
title_short Towards 6G IoT: Tracing Mobile Sensor Nodes with Deep Learning Clustering in UAV Networks
title_sort towards 6g iot: tracing mobile sensor nodes with deep learning clustering in uav networks
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8201316/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34200449
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113936
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