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Sensing of transposable elements by the antiviral innate immune system
Around half of the genomes in mammals are composed of transposable elements (TEs) such as DNA transposons and retrotransposons. Several mechanisms have evolved to prevent their activity and the detrimental impact of their insertional mutagenesis. Despite these potentially negative effects, TEs are e...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8208052/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33888553 http://dx.doi.org/10.1261/rna.078721.121 |
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author | Gázquez-Gutiérrez, Ana Witteveldt, Jeroen Heras, Sara R. Macias, Sara |
author_facet | Gázquez-Gutiérrez, Ana Witteveldt, Jeroen Heras, Sara R. Macias, Sara |
author_sort | Gázquez-Gutiérrez, Ana |
collection | PubMed |
description | Around half of the genomes in mammals are composed of transposable elements (TEs) such as DNA transposons and retrotransposons. Several mechanisms have evolved to prevent their activity and the detrimental impact of their insertional mutagenesis. Despite these potentially negative effects, TEs are essential drivers of evolution, and in certain settings, beneficial to their hosts. For instance, TEs have rewired the antiviral gene regulatory network and are required for early embryonic development. However, due to structural similarities between TE-derived and viral nucleic acids, cells can misidentify TEs as invading viruses and trigger the major antiviral innate immune pathway, the type I interferon (IFN) response. This review will focus on the different settings in which the role of TE-mediated IFN activation has been documented, including cancer and senescence. Importantly, TEs may also play a causative role in the development of complex autoimmune diseases characterized by constitutive type I IFN activation. All these observations suggest the presence of strong but opposing forces driving the coevolution of TEs and antiviral defense. A better biological understanding of the TE replicative cycle as well as of the antiviral nucleic acid sensing mechanisms will provide insights into how these two biological processes interact and will help to design better strategies to treat human diseases characterized by aberrant TE expression and/or type I IFN activation. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8208052 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-82080522021-07-01 Sensing of transposable elements by the antiviral innate immune system Gázquez-Gutiérrez, Ana Witteveldt, Jeroen Heras, Sara R. Macias, Sara RNA Review Around half of the genomes in mammals are composed of transposable elements (TEs) such as DNA transposons and retrotransposons. Several mechanisms have evolved to prevent their activity and the detrimental impact of their insertional mutagenesis. Despite these potentially negative effects, TEs are essential drivers of evolution, and in certain settings, beneficial to their hosts. For instance, TEs have rewired the antiviral gene regulatory network and are required for early embryonic development. However, due to structural similarities between TE-derived and viral nucleic acids, cells can misidentify TEs as invading viruses and trigger the major antiviral innate immune pathway, the type I interferon (IFN) response. This review will focus on the different settings in which the role of TE-mediated IFN activation has been documented, including cancer and senescence. Importantly, TEs may also play a causative role in the development of complex autoimmune diseases characterized by constitutive type I IFN activation. All these observations suggest the presence of strong but opposing forces driving the coevolution of TEs and antiviral defense. A better biological understanding of the TE replicative cycle as well as of the antiviral nucleic acid sensing mechanisms will provide insights into how these two biological processes interact and will help to design better strategies to treat human diseases characterized by aberrant TE expression and/or type I IFN activation. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press 2021-07 /pmc/articles/PMC8208052/ /pubmed/33888553 http://dx.doi.org/10.1261/rna.078721.121 Text en © 2021 Gázquez-Gutiérrez et al.; Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press for the RNA Society https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This article, published in RNA, is available under a Creative Commons License (Attribution 4.0 International), as described at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . |
spellingShingle | Review Gázquez-Gutiérrez, Ana Witteveldt, Jeroen Heras, Sara R. Macias, Sara Sensing of transposable elements by the antiviral innate immune system |
title | Sensing of transposable elements by the antiviral innate immune system |
title_full | Sensing of transposable elements by the antiviral innate immune system |
title_fullStr | Sensing of transposable elements by the antiviral innate immune system |
title_full_unstemmed | Sensing of transposable elements by the antiviral innate immune system |
title_short | Sensing of transposable elements by the antiviral innate immune system |
title_sort | sensing of transposable elements by the antiviral innate immune system |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8208052/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33888553 http://dx.doi.org/10.1261/rna.078721.121 |
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