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Visuomotor Adaptation Brain Changes During a Spaceflight Analog With Elevated Carbon Dioxide (CO(2)): A Pilot Study

Astronauts on board the International Space Station (ISS) must adapt to several environmental challenges including microgravity, elevated carbon dioxide (CO(2)), and isolation while performing highly controlled movements with complex equipment. Head down tilt bed rest (HDBR) is an analog used to stu...

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Autores principales: Salazar, Ana Paula, Hupfeld, Kathleen E., Lee, Jessica K., Banker, Lauren A., Tays, Grant D., Beltran, Nichole E., Kofman, Igor S., De Dios, Yiri E., Mulder, Edwin, Bloomberg, Jacob J., Mulavara, Ajitkumar P., Seidler, Rachael D.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8215599/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34163332
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2021.659557
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author Salazar, Ana Paula
Hupfeld, Kathleen E.
Lee, Jessica K.
Banker, Lauren A.
Tays, Grant D.
Beltran, Nichole E.
Kofman, Igor S.
De Dios, Yiri E.
Mulder, Edwin
Bloomberg, Jacob J.
Mulavara, Ajitkumar P.
Seidler, Rachael D.
author_facet Salazar, Ana Paula
Hupfeld, Kathleen E.
Lee, Jessica K.
Banker, Lauren A.
Tays, Grant D.
Beltran, Nichole E.
Kofman, Igor S.
De Dios, Yiri E.
Mulder, Edwin
Bloomberg, Jacob J.
Mulavara, Ajitkumar P.
Seidler, Rachael D.
author_sort Salazar, Ana Paula
collection PubMed
description Astronauts on board the International Space Station (ISS) must adapt to several environmental challenges including microgravity, elevated carbon dioxide (CO(2)), and isolation while performing highly controlled movements with complex equipment. Head down tilt bed rest (HDBR) is an analog used to study spaceflight factors including body unloading and headward fluid shifts. We recently reported how HDBR with elevated CO(2) (HDBR+CO(2)) affects visuomotor adaptation. Here we expand upon this work and examine the effects of HDBR+CO(2) on brain activity during visuomotor adaptation. Eleven participants (34 ± 8 years) completed six functional MRI (fMRI) sessions pre-, during, and post-HDBR+CO(2). During fMRI, participants completed a visuomotor adaptation task, divided into baseline, early, late and de-adaptation. Additionally, we compare brain activity between this NASA campaign (30-day HDBR+CO(2)) and a different campaign with a separate set of participants (60-day HDBR with normal atmospheric CO(2) levels, n = 8; 34.25 ± 7.9 years) to characterize the specific effects of CO(2). Participants were included by convenience. During early adaptation across the HDBR+CO(2) intervention, participants showed decreasing activation in temporal and subcortical brain regions, followed by post- HDBR+CO(2) recovery. During late adaptation, participants showed increasing activation in the right fusiform gyrus and right caudate nucleus during HDBR+CO(2); this activation normalized to baseline levels after bed rest. There were no correlations between brain changes and adaptation performance changes from pre- to post HDBR+CO(2). Also, there were no statistically significant differences between the HDBR+CO(2) group and the HDBR controls, suggesting that changes in brain activity were due primarily to bed rest rather than elevated CO(2). Five HDBR+CO(2) participants presented with optic disc edema, a sign of Spaceflight Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome (SANS). An exploratory analysis of HDBR+CO(2) participants with and without signs of SANS revealed no group differences in brain activity during any phase of the adaptation task. Overall, these findings have implications for spaceflight missions and training, as ISS missions require individuals to adapt to altered sensory inputs over long periods in space. Further, this is the first study to verify the HDBR and elevated CO(2) effects on the neural correlates of visuomotor adaptation.
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spelling pubmed-82155992021-06-22 Visuomotor Adaptation Brain Changes During a Spaceflight Analog With Elevated Carbon Dioxide (CO(2)): A Pilot Study Salazar, Ana Paula Hupfeld, Kathleen E. Lee, Jessica K. Banker, Lauren A. Tays, Grant D. Beltran, Nichole E. Kofman, Igor S. De Dios, Yiri E. Mulder, Edwin Bloomberg, Jacob J. Mulavara, Ajitkumar P. Seidler, Rachael D. Front Neural Circuits Neuroscience Astronauts on board the International Space Station (ISS) must adapt to several environmental challenges including microgravity, elevated carbon dioxide (CO(2)), and isolation while performing highly controlled movements with complex equipment. Head down tilt bed rest (HDBR) is an analog used to study spaceflight factors including body unloading and headward fluid shifts. We recently reported how HDBR with elevated CO(2) (HDBR+CO(2)) affects visuomotor adaptation. Here we expand upon this work and examine the effects of HDBR+CO(2) on brain activity during visuomotor adaptation. Eleven participants (34 ± 8 years) completed six functional MRI (fMRI) sessions pre-, during, and post-HDBR+CO(2). During fMRI, participants completed a visuomotor adaptation task, divided into baseline, early, late and de-adaptation. Additionally, we compare brain activity between this NASA campaign (30-day HDBR+CO(2)) and a different campaign with a separate set of participants (60-day HDBR with normal atmospheric CO(2) levels, n = 8; 34.25 ± 7.9 years) to characterize the specific effects of CO(2). Participants were included by convenience. During early adaptation across the HDBR+CO(2) intervention, participants showed decreasing activation in temporal and subcortical brain regions, followed by post- HDBR+CO(2) recovery. During late adaptation, participants showed increasing activation in the right fusiform gyrus and right caudate nucleus during HDBR+CO(2); this activation normalized to baseline levels after bed rest. There were no correlations between brain changes and adaptation performance changes from pre- to post HDBR+CO(2). Also, there were no statistically significant differences between the HDBR+CO(2) group and the HDBR controls, suggesting that changes in brain activity were due primarily to bed rest rather than elevated CO(2). Five HDBR+CO(2) participants presented with optic disc edema, a sign of Spaceflight Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome (SANS). An exploratory analysis of HDBR+CO(2) participants with and without signs of SANS revealed no group differences in brain activity during any phase of the adaptation task. Overall, these findings have implications for spaceflight missions and training, as ISS missions require individuals to adapt to altered sensory inputs over long periods in space. Further, this is the first study to verify the HDBR and elevated CO(2) effects on the neural correlates of visuomotor adaptation. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-06-07 /pmc/articles/PMC8215599/ /pubmed/34163332 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2021.659557 Text en Copyright © 2021 Salazar, Hupfeld, Lee, Banker, Tays, Beltran, Kofman, De Dios, Mulder, Bloomberg, Mulavara and Seidler. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Neuroscience
Salazar, Ana Paula
Hupfeld, Kathleen E.
Lee, Jessica K.
Banker, Lauren A.
Tays, Grant D.
Beltran, Nichole E.
Kofman, Igor S.
De Dios, Yiri E.
Mulder, Edwin
Bloomberg, Jacob J.
Mulavara, Ajitkumar P.
Seidler, Rachael D.
Visuomotor Adaptation Brain Changes During a Spaceflight Analog With Elevated Carbon Dioxide (CO(2)): A Pilot Study
title Visuomotor Adaptation Brain Changes During a Spaceflight Analog With Elevated Carbon Dioxide (CO(2)): A Pilot Study
title_full Visuomotor Adaptation Brain Changes During a Spaceflight Analog With Elevated Carbon Dioxide (CO(2)): A Pilot Study
title_fullStr Visuomotor Adaptation Brain Changes During a Spaceflight Analog With Elevated Carbon Dioxide (CO(2)): A Pilot Study
title_full_unstemmed Visuomotor Adaptation Brain Changes During a Spaceflight Analog With Elevated Carbon Dioxide (CO(2)): A Pilot Study
title_short Visuomotor Adaptation Brain Changes During a Spaceflight Analog With Elevated Carbon Dioxide (CO(2)): A Pilot Study
title_sort visuomotor adaptation brain changes during a spaceflight analog with elevated carbon dioxide (co(2)): a pilot study
topic Neuroscience
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8215599/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34163332
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2021.659557
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