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The Phagocytic Code Regulating Phagocytosis of Mammalian Cells
Mammalian phagocytes can phagocytose (i.e. eat) other mammalian cells in the body if they display certain signals, and this phagocytosis plays fundamental roles in development, cell turnover, tissue homeostasis and disease prevention. To phagocytose the correct cells, phagocytes must discriminate wh...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8220072/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34177884 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.629979 |
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author | Cockram, Tom O. J. Dundee, Jacob M. Popescu, Alma S. Brown, Guy C. |
author_facet | Cockram, Tom O. J. Dundee, Jacob M. Popescu, Alma S. Brown, Guy C. |
author_sort | Cockram, Tom O. J. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Mammalian phagocytes can phagocytose (i.e. eat) other mammalian cells in the body if they display certain signals, and this phagocytosis plays fundamental roles in development, cell turnover, tissue homeostasis and disease prevention. To phagocytose the correct cells, phagocytes must discriminate which cells to eat using a ‘phagocytic code’ - a set of over 50 known phagocytic signals determining whether a cell is eaten or not - comprising find-me signals, eat-me signals, don’t-eat-me signals and opsonins. Most opsonins require binding to eat-me signals – for example, the opsonins galectin-3, calreticulin and C1q bind asialoglycan eat-me signals on target cells - to induce phagocytosis. Some proteins act as ‘self-opsonins’, while others are ‘negative opsonins’ or ‘phagocyte suppressants’, inhibiting phagocytosis. We review known phagocytic signals here, both established and novel, and how they integrate to regulate phagocytosis of several mammalian targets - including excess cells in development, senescent and aged cells, infected cells, cancer cells, dead or dying cells, cell debris and neuronal synapses. Understanding the phagocytic code, and how it goes wrong, may enable novel therapies for multiple pathologies with too much or too little phagocytosis, such as: infectious disease, cancer, neurodegeneration, psychiatric disease, cardiovascular disease, ageing and auto-immune disease. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8220072 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-82200722021-06-24 The Phagocytic Code Regulating Phagocytosis of Mammalian Cells Cockram, Tom O. J. Dundee, Jacob M. Popescu, Alma S. Brown, Guy C. Front Immunol Immunology Mammalian phagocytes can phagocytose (i.e. eat) other mammalian cells in the body if they display certain signals, and this phagocytosis plays fundamental roles in development, cell turnover, tissue homeostasis and disease prevention. To phagocytose the correct cells, phagocytes must discriminate which cells to eat using a ‘phagocytic code’ - a set of over 50 known phagocytic signals determining whether a cell is eaten or not - comprising find-me signals, eat-me signals, don’t-eat-me signals and opsonins. Most opsonins require binding to eat-me signals – for example, the opsonins galectin-3, calreticulin and C1q bind asialoglycan eat-me signals on target cells - to induce phagocytosis. Some proteins act as ‘self-opsonins’, while others are ‘negative opsonins’ or ‘phagocyte suppressants’, inhibiting phagocytosis. We review known phagocytic signals here, both established and novel, and how they integrate to regulate phagocytosis of several mammalian targets - including excess cells in development, senescent and aged cells, infected cells, cancer cells, dead or dying cells, cell debris and neuronal synapses. Understanding the phagocytic code, and how it goes wrong, may enable novel therapies for multiple pathologies with too much or too little phagocytosis, such as: infectious disease, cancer, neurodegeneration, psychiatric disease, cardiovascular disease, ageing and auto-immune disease. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-06-09 /pmc/articles/PMC8220072/ /pubmed/34177884 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.629979 Text en Copyright © 2021 Cockram, Dundee, Popescu and Brown https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Immunology Cockram, Tom O. J. Dundee, Jacob M. Popescu, Alma S. Brown, Guy C. The Phagocytic Code Regulating Phagocytosis of Mammalian Cells |
title | The Phagocytic Code Regulating Phagocytosis of Mammalian Cells |
title_full | The Phagocytic Code Regulating Phagocytosis of Mammalian Cells |
title_fullStr | The Phagocytic Code Regulating Phagocytosis of Mammalian Cells |
title_full_unstemmed | The Phagocytic Code Regulating Phagocytosis of Mammalian Cells |
title_short | The Phagocytic Code Regulating Phagocytosis of Mammalian Cells |
title_sort | phagocytic code regulating phagocytosis of mammalian cells |
topic | Immunology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8220072/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34177884 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.629979 |
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