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Celiac Disease and the Thyroid: Highlighting the Roles of Vitamin D and Iron

Celiac disease (CD) and autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) like Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) and Graves’ disease (GD) frequently coexist, entailing numerous potential impacts on diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Possible correlations might exist through gut microbiota, regulating the immune sys...

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Autores principales: Starchl, Christina, Scherkl, Mario, Amrein, Karin
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8224353/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34064075
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13061755
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author Starchl, Christina
Scherkl, Mario
Amrein, Karin
author_facet Starchl, Christina
Scherkl, Mario
Amrein, Karin
author_sort Starchl, Christina
collection PubMed
description Celiac disease (CD) and autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) like Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) and Graves’ disease (GD) frequently coexist, entailing numerous potential impacts on diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Possible correlations might exist through gut microbiota, regulating the immune system and inflammatory responses, promoting autoimmune diseases, as well as shared cytokines in pathogenesis pathways, cross-reacting antibodies or malabsorption of micronutrients that are essential for the thyroid like iron or vitamin D. Vitamin D deficiency is a common finding in patients with AITD, but might protect from autoimmunity by wielding immunoregulatory and tolerogenic impacts. Additionally, vitamin D is assumed to be involved in the onset and progression of CD, presumably plays a substantial protective role for intestinal mucosa and affects the thyroid via its immunomodulatory effects. Iron is an essential micronutrient for the thyroid gland needed for effective iodine utilization by the iron-dependent enzyme thyroid iodine peroxidase (TPO). Despite being crucial for thyroid hormone synthesis, iron deficiency (ID) is a common finding in patients with hypothyroidism like HT and is frequently found in patients with CD. A literature research was conducted to examine the interplay between CD, AITD, vitamin D and iron deficiency. This narrative review highlights the relevant correlation of the two disease entities CD and AITD, their reciprocal impact and possible therapeutic options that should be further explored by future studies.
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spelling pubmed-82243532021-06-25 Celiac Disease and the Thyroid: Highlighting the Roles of Vitamin D and Iron Starchl, Christina Scherkl, Mario Amrein, Karin Nutrients Review Celiac disease (CD) and autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) like Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) and Graves’ disease (GD) frequently coexist, entailing numerous potential impacts on diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Possible correlations might exist through gut microbiota, regulating the immune system and inflammatory responses, promoting autoimmune diseases, as well as shared cytokines in pathogenesis pathways, cross-reacting antibodies or malabsorption of micronutrients that are essential for the thyroid like iron or vitamin D. Vitamin D deficiency is a common finding in patients with AITD, but might protect from autoimmunity by wielding immunoregulatory and tolerogenic impacts. Additionally, vitamin D is assumed to be involved in the onset and progression of CD, presumably plays a substantial protective role for intestinal mucosa and affects the thyroid via its immunomodulatory effects. Iron is an essential micronutrient for the thyroid gland needed for effective iodine utilization by the iron-dependent enzyme thyroid iodine peroxidase (TPO). Despite being crucial for thyroid hormone synthesis, iron deficiency (ID) is a common finding in patients with hypothyroidism like HT and is frequently found in patients with CD. A literature research was conducted to examine the interplay between CD, AITD, vitamin D and iron deficiency. This narrative review highlights the relevant correlation of the two disease entities CD and AITD, their reciprocal impact and possible therapeutic options that should be further explored by future studies. MDPI 2021-05-21 /pmc/articles/PMC8224353/ /pubmed/34064075 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13061755 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Starchl, Christina
Scherkl, Mario
Amrein, Karin
Celiac Disease and the Thyroid: Highlighting the Roles of Vitamin D and Iron
title Celiac Disease and the Thyroid: Highlighting the Roles of Vitamin D and Iron
title_full Celiac Disease and the Thyroid: Highlighting the Roles of Vitamin D and Iron
title_fullStr Celiac Disease and the Thyroid: Highlighting the Roles of Vitamin D and Iron
title_full_unstemmed Celiac Disease and the Thyroid: Highlighting the Roles of Vitamin D and Iron
title_short Celiac Disease and the Thyroid: Highlighting the Roles of Vitamin D and Iron
title_sort celiac disease and the thyroid: highlighting the roles of vitamin d and iron
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8224353/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34064075
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13061755
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