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Continuous Non-Invasive Glucose Monitoring via Contact Lenses: Current Approaches and Future Perspectives

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease that must be carefully managed to prevent serious complications such as cardiovascular disease, retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy. Self-monitoring of blood glucose is a crucial tool for managing diabetes and, at present, all relevant procedures are i...

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Autores principales: Bamgboje, David, Christoulakis, Iasonas, Smanis, Ioannis, Chavan, Gaurav, Shah, Rinkal, Malekzadeh, Masoud, Violaris, Ioannis, Giannakeas, Nikolaos, Tsipouras, Markos, Kalafatakis, Konstantinos, Tzallas, Alexandros
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8226956/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34207533
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11060189
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author Bamgboje, David
Christoulakis, Iasonas
Smanis, Ioannis
Chavan, Gaurav
Shah, Rinkal
Malekzadeh, Masoud
Violaris, Ioannis
Giannakeas, Nikolaos
Tsipouras, Markos
Kalafatakis, Konstantinos
Tzallas, Alexandros
author_facet Bamgboje, David
Christoulakis, Iasonas
Smanis, Ioannis
Chavan, Gaurav
Shah, Rinkal
Malekzadeh, Masoud
Violaris, Ioannis
Giannakeas, Nikolaos
Tsipouras, Markos
Kalafatakis, Konstantinos
Tzallas, Alexandros
author_sort Bamgboje, David
collection PubMed
description Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease that must be carefully managed to prevent serious complications such as cardiovascular disease, retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy. Self-monitoring of blood glucose is a crucial tool for managing diabetes and, at present, all relevant procedures are invasive while they only provide periodic measurements. The pain and measurement intermittency associated with invasive techniques resulted in the exploration of painless, continuous, and non-invasive techniques of glucose measurement that would facilitate intensive management. The focus of this review paper is the existing solutions for continuous non-invasive glucose monitoring via contact lenses (CLs) and to carry out a detailed, qualitative, and comparative analysis to inform prospective researchers on viable pathways. Direct glucose monitoring via CLs is contingent on the detection of biomarkers present in the lacrimal fluid. In this review, emphasis is given on two types of sensors: a graphene-AgNW hybrid sensor and an amperometric sensor. Both sensors can detect the presence of glucose in the lacrimal fluid by using the enzyme, glucose oxidase. Additionally, this review covers fabrication procedures for CL biosensors. Ever since Google published the first glucose monitoring embedded system on a CL, CL biosensors have been considered state-of-the-art in the medical device research and development industry. The CL not only has to have a sensory system, it must also have an embedded integrated circuit (IC) for readout and wireless communication. Moreover, to retain mobility and ease of use of the CLs used for continuous glucose monitoring, the power supply to the solid-state IC on such CLs must be wireless. Currently, there are four methods of powering CLs: utilizing solar energy, via a biofuel cell, or by inductive or radiofrequency (RF) power. Although, there are many limitations associated with each method, the limitations common to all, are safety restrictions and CL size limitations. Bearing this in mind, RF power has received most of the attention in reported literature, whereas solar power has received the least attention in the literature. CLs seem a very promising target for cutting edge biotechnological applications of diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic relevance.
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spelling pubmed-82269562021-06-26 Continuous Non-Invasive Glucose Monitoring via Contact Lenses: Current Approaches and Future Perspectives Bamgboje, David Christoulakis, Iasonas Smanis, Ioannis Chavan, Gaurav Shah, Rinkal Malekzadeh, Masoud Violaris, Ioannis Giannakeas, Nikolaos Tsipouras, Markos Kalafatakis, Konstantinos Tzallas, Alexandros Biosensors (Basel) Perspective Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease that must be carefully managed to prevent serious complications such as cardiovascular disease, retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy. Self-monitoring of blood glucose is a crucial tool for managing diabetes and, at present, all relevant procedures are invasive while they only provide periodic measurements. The pain and measurement intermittency associated with invasive techniques resulted in the exploration of painless, continuous, and non-invasive techniques of glucose measurement that would facilitate intensive management. The focus of this review paper is the existing solutions for continuous non-invasive glucose monitoring via contact lenses (CLs) and to carry out a detailed, qualitative, and comparative analysis to inform prospective researchers on viable pathways. Direct glucose monitoring via CLs is contingent on the detection of biomarkers present in the lacrimal fluid. In this review, emphasis is given on two types of sensors: a graphene-AgNW hybrid sensor and an amperometric sensor. Both sensors can detect the presence of glucose in the lacrimal fluid by using the enzyme, glucose oxidase. Additionally, this review covers fabrication procedures for CL biosensors. Ever since Google published the first glucose monitoring embedded system on a CL, CL biosensors have been considered state-of-the-art in the medical device research and development industry. The CL not only has to have a sensory system, it must also have an embedded integrated circuit (IC) for readout and wireless communication. Moreover, to retain mobility and ease of use of the CLs used for continuous glucose monitoring, the power supply to the solid-state IC on such CLs must be wireless. Currently, there are four methods of powering CLs: utilizing solar energy, via a biofuel cell, or by inductive or radiofrequency (RF) power. Although, there are many limitations associated with each method, the limitations common to all, are safety restrictions and CL size limitations. Bearing this in mind, RF power has received most of the attention in reported literature, whereas solar power has received the least attention in the literature. CLs seem a very promising target for cutting edge biotechnological applications of diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic relevance. MDPI 2021-06-09 /pmc/articles/PMC8226956/ /pubmed/34207533 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11060189 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Perspective
Bamgboje, David
Christoulakis, Iasonas
Smanis, Ioannis
Chavan, Gaurav
Shah, Rinkal
Malekzadeh, Masoud
Violaris, Ioannis
Giannakeas, Nikolaos
Tsipouras, Markos
Kalafatakis, Konstantinos
Tzallas, Alexandros
Continuous Non-Invasive Glucose Monitoring via Contact Lenses: Current Approaches and Future Perspectives
title Continuous Non-Invasive Glucose Monitoring via Contact Lenses: Current Approaches and Future Perspectives
title_full Continuous Non-Invasive Glucose Monitoring via Contact Lenses: Current Approaches and Future Perspectives
title_fullStr Continuous Non-Invasive Glucose Monitoring via Contact Lenses: Current Approaches and Future Perspectives
title_full_unstemmed Continuous Non-Invasive Glucose Monitoring via Contact Lenses: Current Approaches and Future Perspectives
title_short Continuous Non-Invasive Glucose Monitoring via Contact Lenses: Current Approaches and Future Perspectives
title_sort continuous non-invasive glucose monitoring via contact lenses: current approaches and future perspectives
topic Perspective
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8226956/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34207533
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11060189
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